18 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
Norma verticalis. — These crania had no marked antero-posterior elongation. The 
line of the sagittal suture was elevated into only a slight ridge, except in A, in which, 
however, the region of the anterior fontanelle was flattened. Between the sagittal suture 
and the parietal eminences and temporal ridge the vault was somewhat flattened, and sloped 
downwards and outwards, so as to give what Prof. Cleland names an " ill-filled " character 
to this region of the skull. The eminences themselves were distinct, though not 
particularly prominent, and below them each skull bulged out slightly, so that the greatest 
breadth was in the squamous region. A and B were distinctly phsenozygous, D slightly 
so, C not at all. In three of these skulls the asterionic diameter was slightly more than 
the Stephanie in the same specimen. In the fourth the Stephanie was 7 mm. more than 
the asterionic diameter. 
Norma lateralis. — The skulls rested in front on the crowns of the upper molars, and 
behind on the cerebellar region of the occiput. In A and D the glabella and supraciliary 
ridges were distinct, but in B and C comparatively feeble. The profile outline formed 
a continuous curve from the glabella to about the obelion, but from that region the skull 
sloped downwards and backwards to the occipital point, and was somewhat flattened. 
In B this slope was more nearly vertical, but in none of the crania was there evidence of 
artificial parieto-occipital flattening. The occipital squama projected behind the pro- 
tuberance, but in A a well-marked mesial depression existed between the protuberance 
and the superior angle. The frontal longitudinal arc in one case exceeded the parietal, 
the parietal and frontal arcs in one skull each exceeded the occipital, but in the others 
the occipital arc was the longest. The basi-nasal diameter in each specimen was longer 
than the basi-alveolar. 
The nasal bones were elongated, and ranged from 26 to 31 mm. ; their width varied 
from 11 to 15 mm. They projected downwards and forwards, and the bridge of the nose 
was prominent and concavo-convex from root to tip, and formed a marked feature in the 
facial aspect of these crania. The nasal spine of the superior maxillae was strong in both 
A and D. The junction of the side walls with the floor of the anterior nares was not much 
rounded. In three of the crania there was a marked depression of the frontal bone, 
immediately above the external orbital process, which gave prominence to that part of 
the orbital border. This depression extended upwards and backwards in front of the 
temporal ridge, and, owing to the feebly developed frontal eminences, contributed to impart 
a slope to the forehead from the external orbital process and temporal ridge upwards and 
inwards towards the mesial line of the frontal. The temporal ridge in two of the crania 
was strong and in all divided into an upper and a lower part. 
In each skull the interzygomatic diameter was much greater than either the Stephanie 
or asterionic, and in every skull but C the intermalar diameter also exceeded the Stephanie 
and asterionic. In two cases the interzygomatic diameter was slightly more than the 
greatest breadth in the parieto-squamous region, and in the other two it was decidedly 
