100 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
have a mean C.I. 73'2, V.I. 77*3 ; those of Oneata, C.I. 74*6, V.I. 78*8, so that, as both 
Flower and Krause have pointed out, the dolichocephaly diminishes in the eastern 
islands, i.e., in those in closer proximity to the Tonga Archipelago, and a transition is 
established between the stenocephalic western Fijians and the brachycephalic Tongans, 
due without doubt to an intermixture of the two races. 
From the observations of the several craniographers to whose labours I have had so 
frequently to refer in the course of this comparison, the conclusion has been drawn that 
the skulls of the Melanesians are distinctly dolichocephalic, and this conclusion has been 
confirmed by the additional observations recorded in this Report. But further, it has 
been shown that the height of the Melanesian skull exceeds its breadth, so that the 
vertical index is greater than the cephalic. The presence of a people in some of the 
islands in the Melanesian area in whom the skull is remarkably long, narrow, and high, 
was especially pointed out by Dr. Barnard Davis, and the skulls of this form were named 
by him hypsisteno cephalic. 1 He describes the people of New Caledonia, the New 
Hebrides, the Loyalty Islands, probably the Fijians, and perhaps some of the Caroline 
Islanders, as possessing skulls of this form. The correspondence of the crania of the people 
of Vanikoro with this type was pointed out by Mr. Busk. Prof. Flow T er states that the 
skulls of the Kai Colos, or mountaineers of Fiji, belong to the most pronounced hypsi- 
stenocephalic type, and the skulls of the Loyalty Islanders described in this Report are 
characteristic examples. 
Although both the Admiralty Islanders and the dolichocephalic people of New Guinea 
agree with the people named in the last paragraph in having a vertical index greater than 
the cephalic, yet, if one place side by side the Loyalty Islander skulls, the drawings of 
the Fiji mountaineers published by Prof. Flower, the New Guinea skulls from Jarvis 
Island, Tomara, and Possession Bay (Table XVI.), and the Admiralty Islander crania, the 
Fijians and Loyalty Islanders can be at once distinguished from the New Guinea and 
Admiralty Islanders. The Fijians, Loyalty Islanders, and New Hebrideans have larger and 
more massive crania than the others, and belong evidently to a people physically stronger. 
But the differences in the two groups can be more definitely brought out by comparing 
my measurements of the Admiralty Islanders with those of the Fijian mountaineers made 
in an almost similar manner by Prof. Flower. 
The Fijian skulls are remarkably dolichocephalic, for the mean cephalic index of eleven 
specimens (six males, five females) is only 66, whilst that of the Admiralty Islanders 
is 70. This low latitudinal index, whilst showing a material difference in the relations 
of length and breadth in the two series of crania, yet does not express all their differential 
characters in these dimensions. For whilst in none of the Admiralty Islanders does the 
glabello-occipital diameter exceed 186 mm., and in five specimens falls below 180, in the 
1 Peculiar Crania of Inhabitants of certain groups of islands in the Western Pacific, Natuurk. Verhand. Holland. 
Maats. Wetensch., Haarlem, vol. xxiv., 1866. See also Anthropological Eeview, vol. iv. p. 48. 
