104 
THE VOYAGE OP H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
to which he has had access. The skull of a Gambier Islander, one of the southern 
islands of this archipelago, in the Barnard Davis collection, has a cephalic index 72 and 
a vertical index 79. Mr. Ranken states that the natives in the Paumotus show some 
evidence of a people having been there prior to the Mahori occupation, and that they 
have a number of words not traceable to any Mahori dialect. 
Crania of the Marquesas Islanders are abundant in the Barnard Davis collection and 
in the Paris Museum, the Godeffroy Museum also contains four examples. Of the thirty-, 
six specimens in the Barnard Davis collection fourteen had a cephalic index of 80 or 
upwards, fifteen were from 75 to 80, and seven were below 75. In the brachycephali 
the vertical index was as a rule below the cephalic, in the dolichocephali it was as a rule 
above it, whilst in the mesaticephali it was sometimes above, at others below. Of 
the four specimens in the Godeffroy Museum, one was brachycephalic and three were 
mesaticephalic. MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy do not give the measurements of the 
individual crania in the Paris Museum, but they place the mean of twelve crania of the 
Teis from the environs of Fort Collet at 79 '4, whilst eight crania from Tahou-Ata have a 
mean cephalic index of 75*3. It is obvious therefore that a considerable diversity exists 
in the cranial proportions of the natives of this group as well as in the separate islands. 
Thus the skulls from Nuka-hiva in the Barnard Davis collection varied in the cephalic 
index from 69 to 83 ; those from Fatu-hiva varied from 70 to 86 ; those from Ohivaoa 
from 74 to 84 ; and those from Uahuga from 76 to 82. The series from each of these 
islands, therefore, excepting the last, contained skulls possessing dolichocephalic, mesati- 
cephalic, and brachycephalic proportions. Two crania from Nuka-hiva were also collected 
by the "Novara" ;* the one had a cephalic index 73*5, the other 79'5. 2 Tradition points 
to the colonisation of these islands from the Samoan group. 
The Sandwich Islanders present great diversities in the proportions of the crania, as 
I have already pointed out in a previous section of this Report (p. 62, et seq.), so that the 
thirty-six adult crania varied in the cephalic index from 71 to 86 ; and of these ten were 
upwards of 80, eleven were from 75 to 79 both inclusive, and fifteen were below 75. As 
it happened the four skulls from Hawaii were all brachycephalic, but the thirty-two from 
Oahu presented examples of each of the three divisions of the length-breadth index. 3 My 
measurements of the skulls from Oahu are generally in accordance with those made by Dr. 
Barnard Davis on a still larger collection from that island presented to him by W. L. 
Green, Esq. A reference to the measures recorded in the Thesaurus Craniorum will show 
that his collection of upwards of one hundred skulls varied in the cephalic index from 69 
1 See Zuckerkandl's description , and pis. xvi. , xvii., and xx. 
2 Blumenbach has also figured a Marquesan cranium. Plate L. Decas quinta. 
3 A description of the burying ground at Waimanalo, Oahu, from which Mr. Moseley obtained the skulls described in 
this Eeport (p. 62), has also been given by Dr. Finsch, Zeitschr. fiir Ethnol., Bd. xi. p. 326, 1879. Dr. Finsch considers 
that the skeletons found there are pure Hawaians, belonging to a period free from European influence, as this part of the 
coast has not been disturbed by white people. 
