REPORT ON THE HUMAN CRANIA. 
105 
to 90. Sixty specimens had a cephalic index of 80 or upwards ; twelve were below 75, 
and the remainder were from 75 to 79 both inclusive ; the brachycephali were, however, 
present in a larger proportion than in my series from the same island. Six skulls from 
Hawaii in the same collection varied in the cephalic index from 72 to 86, and of these, four 
were 81 or upwards. Dr. Davis gives the mean C.I. of the entire series of Sandwich 
Islanders in his collection as 79 for the men and 80 for the women. Of the four skulls 
from Hawaii in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, two had the cephalic index 8T7, 
857; the other two were 69"5 and 71*8. MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy give the mean 
cephalic index of fifteen male Sandwich Islanders as 75 "5 and of seven females as 78 "4. They 
also refer to a large collection from the islands Maui and Kauai measured by M. Otis, the 
mean breadth index of ninety-seven men being 81 '3, and of forty-one women being 80 "5. 
As the measurements of the individual skulls are not given by these last named cranio- 
logists, I am not able to say what is the range of variation in their respective series. It is 
well known that the practice of artificially flattening the back of the head prevailed to 
some extent amongst the Sandwich Islanders, and I agree with MM. de Quatrefages and 
Hamy that this will necessarily have the effect of somewhat raising the cephalic index of 
the skulls in which this deformation exists. In my series of skulls the relation of the 
vertical to the cephalic index varied with the cephalic index. In the brachycephali and 
almost all the mesaticephali the vertical index was less than the cephalic, whilst in a 
considerable number of the dolichocephali the vertical index exceeded the cephalic. 
The former therefore corresponded in this relation with the Polynesian, the latter with 
the Melanesian character. 
Retzius, from the study of a Sandwich Island skull in his collection, and of a number 
of Polynesian skulls which he saw in London, came to the conclusion that they were one 
of the highest members of his brachycephalic prognathic class, and formed a transition 
from this to the dolichocephalic. 1 Dr. Uhde has also described four crania from Oahu, 2 
three of which came from a battlefield on the plain of Kulau, and one from the 
neighbourhood of Diamonds-hill on the south-east coast. He recognises such differences 
between them as to place two in Eetzius's dolichocephalce prognaihce and two in his 
brachycephcdce prognathce. 
There is thus abundant evidence to show that the crania of the Sandwich Islanders 
are by no means homogeneous in their characters, but present wide differences in form 
and proportions, and in this respect they agree with the Marquesas Islanders. To what 
are these differences to be ascribed ? The most rational conclusion I think will be that 
they express the presence in these islands of more than one race of men. Captain Cook 
refers to the fine physique of the chiefs and their superiority to the natives generally. 
1 Ethnologische Scliriften, p. 65 ; and Miiller's Archiv, Anat. u. Physiol. 1874. 
2 Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur., vol. xxviii, 1861. 
(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP. — PART XXIX. — 1884.) Ef 14 
