106 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
M. Clioris also speaks 1 of these differences between the chiefs and the common people, and 
further points out that in 'some the hair is crisp or frizzled, approaching to a woolly 
appearance, in others it is soft and flexible ; the skin also differs in colour from yellow 
to a rich brown. Dr. Bielitz, quoted by Uhde, also states that the chiefs of the Sand- 
wich Islands differ remarkably in size, strength, colour, &c, from the common men, 
which led him to conclude that two different races existed there. There is thus a 
concurrence of opinion amongst travellers of such differences in the external characters, 
of the people as would point to the presence of both a Polynesian and a Melanesian 
element, and these differences are supported by their craniology. Where but little inter- 
marriage had taken place between the two races, each would preserve its purity of type, 
but with an intermixture then the two races would be more or less fused with each other. 
The traditions of the Sandwich Islanders point to Tahiti the largest of the Society Islands 
as the place from which they came, and it is not unlikely that these Polynesian 
adventurers when they landed on Oahu and the other Sandwich Islands found a Melanesian 
people living there. 
New Zealand, with its outlying dependency the Chatham Islands, has been generally 
regarded as inhabited by the Polynesian race. Owing to the English colonization 
numerous crania have been collected, more especially from New Zealand, and are now in 
museums. 
The measurements of fourteen skulls from the Chatham Islands in the Barnard Davis, 
College of Surgeons, Godeffroy, and Paris Museums, and in the collection formed by the 
" Novara," have been published, and to these may now be added the nine skulls described 
in this Report. The cephalic index varied greatly in this series of twenty-three skulls. 
If I exclude the child's skull, measured by Barnard Davis with an index of 89, the crania 
varied from 72 to 83, and presented examples of dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic, and 
brachycephalic crania; two were 80 or upwards, four were below 75, and sixteen were 
from 75 to 79 both inclusive, the preponderance therefore being decidedly in favour of 
those with intermediate proportions. The mean cephalic index of the series was 76. 
In the few skulls with a high cephalic index the height was less than the breadth, but it 
is also to be noticed that even in the skulls with a low breadth index, the vertical index 
was as a rule below the cephalic. The crania also were not prognathic, and although the 
average of Prof. Flower's series of five skulls was somewhat above mine, yet his are only 
mesognathous. De Quatrefages and Hamy refer to the cubic capacity of the crania of 
the Chatham Islander men as being exceptionally large, but this was not the case in 
my specimens, in which the mean of the series was the same as that of the New 
Zealanders. 
The New Zealand crania are much more numerous in museums than the Chatham 
Islanders. In addition to the twenty-one specimens described in this Report, the Barnard 
1 Quoted by Prichard in Natural History of Man, vol. ii., p. 440. 
