112 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
dolichocephalic; the mean cephalic index was 72*2, and the mean vertical index 75*8. 
Sixteen skulls from the Mortlock Islands had a mean C.I. 74 and a mean V.I. 79. 
Eighteen skulls from Euk had a mean C.I. 75*5 and V.I. 7 7 '4. Three skulls from Yap 
bad a mean C.I. 78*5 and V.I. 79*1, whilst the only Pelew Island skull had C.I. 83"8 and 
V.I. 85*6. Thus, as Dr. Krause has pointed out, the form of the skull in the Caroline 
Archipelago changes materially from east to west. In the easternmost islands the crania 
are dolichocephalic of the Melanesian type, whilst the skull from the western Pelew is 
brachycephalic, and those from Yap are in the higher term of the mesaticephalic. In 
passing from east to west therefore the cephalic index gradually rises. The western 
islanders have come under the influence of a brachycephalic race, which is apparently 
not Polynesian but Malay or Negrito, and this accords with the observations of several 
travellers. But further, I may state that the crania with a low cephalic index had the 
vertical index relatively much higher, whilst in the mesaticephali they closely approached 
each other, and in the only brachycephalic skull, the vertical exceeded the cephalic 
index. 
Crania from the small Hermit, Anchorites, and Echiquier Islands, which lie to the 
south of the Caroline Islands, and to the immediate west of the Admiralty Islands, 
are in the Godeffroy Museum. The only skull from Hermit has a breadth index 80*4 
and a height index 73"6. 1 The skull from the Anchorites has a breadth index 79 and 
a height index 73 '3. Two other skulls from the Anchorites in the Berlin Museum have 
been measured by Dr Rabl-Riickhard ; the one had a breadth index 78 '5, the other a 
breadth index 77"9 and a height index 78'9. The two Godeffroy skulls from the 
Echiquier Islands have the cephalic index respectively 74 - l and 78 '6, and the vertical 
index 77'4, 80"5. Another skull from the Echiquier Archipelago is referred to by de 
Quatrefages and Hamy (p. 204), as having been described by MM. Incoronato and 
Tocco. Its antero-posterior maximum was 166 mm., its transverse maximum 135 mm., 
and its cephalic index 81'3. These crania are of course too few on which to base a 
generalisation, but they point to a considerable mixture of a brachycephalic race with the 
Melanesian element, which, from the proximity of these small islands to New Guinea, the 
Admiralty Islands, and New Britain, one would have expected to be the dominant race. 
The brachycephalic element in these cases is probably Negrito. 
The general survey which I have now taken of the craniology of the Pacific 
islanders, and the evidence collected by MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy, although 
not so full as that now brought together in this Report, have established on a 
sufficiently broad basis the important fact that in comparatively few of these islands, 
or groups of islands, are the crania restricted to either a simple dolichocephalic or 
brachycephalic standard. Both forms do without doubt occur in their pure state, 
but along with them skulls of mixed or mesaticephalic proportions are not unfrequently 
1 Krause's measurements ; but Vircliow puts the height index at 74*4 (Zeitschr.f. Ethnol, Bd. viii. p. 291, 1876). 
