32 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
diameter should be regarded as equal to 100. Then by multiplying the conjugate 
diameter by 100 and dividing by the transverse diameter, the proportion which the 
conjugate diameter bore to 100, or in other words the pelvic or brim index was obtained. 
When these diameters bore to each other the relation of 100 to 90 or under, then he 
regarded the pelvic inlet as round. But when the conjugate was greater in relation 
to the transverse, he called it longish oval. About the same time Carl Martin published 
an account of his measurements of the female pelvis in Europeans, Negresses, Mulattos, 
Bushwomen, Malays, Melanesians, and one Australian woman. As a result of his mea- 
surements he grouped these female pelves into a, those with a round inlet, in which the 
conjugate was almost as large as the transverse diameter, or at the most one-tenth 
smaller ; and in this group he placed the aboriginal Americans, Australians, Malays, and 
Pacific Islanders : and h, those with a transversely oval inlet, in which the conjugate 
was more than one-tenth smaller than the transverse diameter, and in this group he 
placed the pelves of European and African women, though the Europeans had the widest 
pelvic inlet. 
The mode of estimating the brim or pelvic index after the formula of Professor Zaaijer 
has been adopted by the majority of anthropologists, though some would have preferred 
to have reversed his formula and to have taken the conjugate diameter as equal to 100.^ 
This, indeed, was at one time the opinion of M. Topinard, though subsequently in his 
Elements d' Anthropologie generate, he has conformed to the usual practice. 
The attempts which were made by Zaaijer and Martin to frame a classification of the 
pelvis, either in the same or in difi"erent races, on modifications in the relative proportions 
of the conjugate and transverse diameters of the brim, were not successful and did not 
find much favour amongst anthropologists, so that one meets with but little reference 
to them in current literature. This failure is, I think, in a great measure to be accounted 
for partly by the paucity of the observations, but mainly because they based their 
calculations largely if not exclusively on the study of female pelves, in which, for sexual 
reasons, there is to a considerable extent an approximation in form in difi"erent races, so 
that one does not meet in them with such striking variations in shape as 'when one com- 
pares the male pelves in different races with each other. In the males, therefore, the form 
characteristic of the race is more fixed, and from their study it is, I think, possible to 
frame a classification of the pelvis. 
There are two groups of measurements which, from their importance, might serve as a 
basis for such a classification, viz., a, the breadth and height of the entire pehds, from 
which a breadth-height index, such as has been discussed in an earlier part of this chapter, 
can be computed ; and &, the conjugate and transverse diameters of the pelvic brim, from 
which the pelvic or brim index can be calculated. There can, I think, be little doubt 
1 See for example Carl Martin's paper in Corresp. Blatt. der deutsch. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop. Ethn. u. Urgesch., Marz, 
1881. 
