60 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGEK. 
jection from the superior articular process. In an Australian the axis and 3cl cervical 
were conjoined, also the 6th and 7th. In another Australian the left anterior transverse 
process of the 5 th cervical gave off a descending process which articulated T\-ith the 
anterior transverse process of the 6th cervical. In the female Lapp the left half of the 
neural arch of the atlas was imperfect, owing to a defect in the ossification of the lamina. 
No skeleton possessed a movable cervical rib. 
The dorsal region was, amongst other points, examined with reference to the costal 
articulations on the sides of the bodies of the vertebrae. In five Australians, two Hindoos, 
two Negresses, three Andaman Islanders, two Oahuans, two Esquimaux, a Malay, a 
Negro, a female Lapp, and the right side of the Sikh, the 12th, 11th, and 10th dorsal 
vertebrae articulated laterally, each with the head of only one rib, the facet on the 10th 
vertebra being for the lower part of the head of the 10th rib, the upper part of which 
articulated with the 9th vertebra. In two Negros, a Bush, a Maori, a Chinese, a Hindoo, 
an Andaman Islander, a male Lapp, and the left side of the Sikh, the 9th, 10th, 11th, 
and 1 2th dorsals articulated laterally, each with the head of only one rib ; the facet on the 
9th vertebra being for the lower part of the head of the corresponding rib, the upper 
part of which articulated with the 8th vertebra. In one Austrahan skeleton, only the 10th 
and 11th vertebrae had a single costal facet on each side, and the vertebra which repre- 
sented the 12th, although with rudimentary transverse processes, had no costal facet on 
either side. In the great majority of the skeletons the inferior costal facet on the side of 
the body in the upper and middle series of dorsal vertebrae was raised from the general 
surface of the body as a costal process, but the superior facet was more in the general 
plane of the side of the body of the vertebra. In several skeletons, more especially the 
Australians, the transverse process of the 10th dorsal had no articular facet for the 
tubercle of the rib. 
The mammillary processes were present in the 12th dorsal vertebra of each skeleton, 
and in many of the specimens these processes were larger than is the rule in Europeans, 
though sometimes one finds them very distinct in a European skeleton. In several 
Australians, the Maori, Chinese, Sikh, a Hindoo, Negro, Andaman Islander and Oahuan 
they were also distinct in the 11th dorsal, and in the Maori skeleton they could be seen 
as high as the 9th dorsal. Accessory processes were also recognised in many of the 
skeletons on both the 11th and 12th dorsals. 
In three skeletons, viz., two Australians and an Esquimaux, an additional vertebra was 
interposed at the junction of the dorsal and lumbar regions. In the Eucla Australian] it 
had a small articular facet on the side of each pedicle, obviously for the head of a rudi- 
mentary 13th rib. Its transverse processes were stunted as in the 12th dorsal, and there 
was on each side a large mammillary and a rudimentary accessory process. Its spinous 
process was shaped like the spine of a lumbar vertebra, and whilst its superior articular 
processes were shaped like those of a dorsal, its inferior pair were after the pattern of a 
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