82 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
more massive, and in the left scapula the notch was almost completely converted into a 
foramen by the ossified suprascapular ligament. In the Sikh, also, the bones were massive, 
in the one the suprascapular ligament was completely ossified, in the other partially so. 
In the Chinese, owing to the deep concavity of the superior border of the scapulae, the 
area of the supraspinous fossa was greatly diminished and the notch was not specially 
difierentiated at the base of the coracoid. In the Malay the suprascapular notch was 
fairly well marked. 
In the female Lapp the superior border of the scapulae was deeply concave, and the 
suprascapular notch scarcely difi"erentiated ; in the male the concavity of this border, 
though not so great, had the notch equally indistinct. In the male the axiUary border 
was somewhat falciform. In each scapula of the Esquimaux the suprascapular notch was 
present, and the bones in one skeleton were pointed at the inferior angle. 
Measurements of the Scapula. 
The study of the modifications in the form and proportions of the scapula in the 
difi"erent races of men, based on exact measurements, with the view of establishing an 
anthropological character by the use of the numerical method, dates from the publication, 
in 1878, of M. Paul Broca's memoir on the scapular index, so that the literature of this 
subject is both recent and comprised in a small compass. 
Broca, Paul, Sur les indices de largeur de I'omoplate cliez rhomme, les singes et dans la serie des mammiferes. 
Bvll. de la Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, February 21, 1878, ser. 3, t. i. p. 66, 1878. 
Hamy, E. T., ^tude sur un Squelette d'Aeta des Environs de Binangonan, Lu5on. Nouvelles Archives du 
Museum d'Histoire naturelle, ser. 2, t. ii. p. 181, 1879. 
LivON, Marius, De I'omoplate et de ses radices de largeur dans les races humaines. These inaugurale, Paris, 
1879. 
Flower, W. H., and Garson, J. G., The Scapular Index as a Eace Character in Man. Journ. of Anat. and 
Phys., October 1879, vol. xiv. p. 13, 1880. 
M. Broca obtained the length (height) of the scapula by measuring in a straight 
line the distance from the superior to the inferior angle ; and the breadth of the scapula 
by measuring from the middle of the outer border of the glenoid cavity to the point 
where the spine of the scapula intersects the vertebral border. The latter dimension is 
in the fundamental morphological axis of the scapula, and corresponds closely to the line of 
attachment of the spine, and the bone attains a greater or less length by growth in the 
direction of either the supra- or infraspinous fossa. With these measurements he com- 
puted a scapular index as follows: ^^readth ^ length = 100. When the index is 
^ length 
high the scapula is broad in proportion to its length, and vice versa. Again, he measured 
the distance from the inferior angle to the point where the scapular spine intersected the 
vertebral border, and obtained the relations between the breadth of the scapula and the 
