114 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
the radius to the humerus, as expressed by the radio-humeral index, the Europeans, 
Lapps, Esquimaux, and it may be the Bushmen were furtliest removed from the apes, 
the Andaman Islanders and Fuegians most closely approached them, whilst the Austra- 
lians, Kaffirs, and Negros were intermediate. In the relative length of the tibia to the 
femur, as expressed by the tibio-femoral index, the Europeans, and still more the Lapps 
and Esquimaux were amongst the races in which the leg was the shortest in relation to 
the thigh. In the black races generally, more especially in the Andaman Islanders, as 
well as in the Fuegians, the proportionate length of the tibia increased, so that the 
relation of tibia to femur was almost the same as in the orang. 
On the other hand in the proportion of femur to humerus, as expressed by the femoro- 
humeral index, the Lapps and the Esquimaux approximated most closely to the apes, 
the black races of men were furthest removed from them and the Europeans were inter- 
mediate. Similarly in the proportions of the bones of the shaft of the lower limb, 
compared with those of the upper limb, as expressed by the intermembral index, the 
Lapps, Esquimaux, and Fuegians most closely approximated to the apes, the Europeans 
were less near, and the black races were still further removed. It follows therefore that 
whilst the black races approached more closely to the apes than did Europeans in the 
relation which the two segments of the shaft in the same limb bore to each other ; 
they were more widely removed from the apes in the relations which the bones of the 
shaft of the upper limb bore to those of the lower extremity. 
As regards the Anthropoid apes themselves, the orang had a radio-humeral index 
furthest removed from man, the chimpanzee came next in order, whilst in the gorilla 
this index most closely approached to the mean of that of man. In the tibio-femoral index 
the orang was also the furthest removed from the average man, whilst both the 
chimpanzee and gorilla were nearer both to each other and to him. In the femoro- 
humeral index the orang was widely removed from the human proportion, the gorilla 
less so, and the chimpanzee least of all. In the intermembral index the orang was also 
widely removed from man, the gorilla came next, whilst the chimpanzee most nearly 
approached him. It follows, therefore, that in the proportions of the limbs of these 
Anthropoid apes, the orang was the most widely separated from man, the chimpanzee 
the most closely approximated, and the gorilla was intermediate in position. 
I have not entered into the consideration of the characters of the skeleton of the 
distal segments of the limbs, the Hand and the Foot, For although their bones were 
more or less perfectly preserved in several of the skeletons, yet I did not think them to 
be sufficiently numerous to enable me to arrive at any general conclusion. 
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