26S 
GRACULAVÜS. — GRACULUS. 
strepera Shaw, gêner. Zool. VII. 462. — Strepera graculina Gray. 
sturnina Pallas, Reise III. 695. = Acridotheres danricus Strickl. 
tibicen Shaw, gener. Zool. VII. 465. == Gymnorhina tibicen Gray. 
tristis Latham, Ind. Ornith. 190. === Acridotheres tristis Vieill. 
tristis var. a Latham, gener. Hist. III. 147. — Acridotheres melanopterus 
Vieill. 
varia Shaw, gener. Zool. VII. 464. = Cracticus robustus Cab. 
veiierata Temminck. Schlegel, nederl. Tijdschr. Dierkd. 1861. I. 4. Tb. 1. 
Fig. 2. [Flores. Sumbava. 
Eiilabes venerata Gray, Handl. Birds II. 18. 
virescens Shaw, gener. Zool. VII. 462. — Creadio carunculatus Gray. 
viridis Latham, Ind. Ornith. Sappl. — Oriolus viridis Vieill. 
(îllACUh AVUS (Pelecanidae. — graculus, avus). — Marsh, Sillim. americ. 
Journ. Sc. 1872. — Genus foss. cretaceum. 
anceps Marsh, 1. c. [Kansas. 
pu in Uns Marsh, L c. [New Yersey. 
velox Marsh, 1. c. [New Yersey. 
CiR.\ClTLUS (Pelecanidae. — Graculus nom. propr.). — Linne, Syst. Nat. 
1735. — Gray, Genera Birds 1845. III. 667. — Baird, Birds N America 
875. — Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas Pelec. 4. 
Synon.: Phalacrocorax Bri^ß. — Carbo Lacep. — Halieus Iiiig. — Gulosus Mont. — 
Carbonarius Raffln. — 'Hydrocorax Vieill. — Graucahis Gray. — Hypoleucus Reichb. — 
Sticticarbo, Microcarbo , Leucocarbo Bonap. — Halietor Heine. 
Bill rather slender, of moderate length, icith the culmen concave, hooked at 
the tip, the sides compressed and grooved; nostrils not visible in the adult; wings 
moderately long and pointed, second and third primaries longest; tail moderate 
and graduated at the end; tarsi short and much compressed; toes long and full 
■webbed; a leathery pouch at the base of the lower mandible, which can be much 
distended. — 27 Specc. 
aeolus Gray, Handl. Birds III. 127. = Graculus viola ceus Gray. 
africanus Gray, Genera Birds III. 667. — Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas Pelec 
15; Rech. Faune Madagascar 138. [Africa. 
Pelecanus africanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1. 177. 
Phalacrocorax africanus Cuvier, Règne anim. I. 563. 
Carbo longicaudus Swainson, Birds WAfr. II. 255. Tb. 31. — Plxheran, 
Revue Mag. Zool. 1850. 627. 
Carbo africanus Lesson, Traité Ornith. 604. 
Carbo africanoides Smith, Report Exped. SAfr. 
Halieus africanus Sündevall, Physiogr. Sällsk. Tidskr. 1838. I. 54; Ann. 
mag. nat. hist. 1847. XIX. 169. 
Microcarbo africanus Gray, Handl. Birds III. 129. 
Graculus coronatus Wahlberg, Oefvrs. vet. ak. Förhdl. 1855. XII. 214; 
Journ. Ornith. 1857. V. 4. 
Rengi voai. — Chidankwe. 
albidus Pallas, Zoogr. ross. as. II. 305. — ? var. alba, 
albigula v. Tschudi. [Peru. Chili. 
Carbo albigula Brandt, Bullet, acad. Petersbg. III. 57. 
Carbo Bougainvillei Lesson, Complet. Buffon. 
Urile Bougainvillei Bonaparte, Compt. rend. 1856. XLIII. 576. 
Hypoleucus Bougainvillei, Leucocarbo Bougainvillei Bonaparte, Conspect. 
Avium II. 176. 
americanus Reichenbach, natürl. Syst. Tf. 47. = Graculus carbo Gray. 
Bairdi Gruber, Cooper Proceed, acad. Philadelphia 1865. 5. = Graculus 
bicristatus Gray. 
bicristatus Gray, Genera Birds III. App. 30. — [cf. Gr. perspicillatus, Gr. 
violaceus.] [Aleutae. Kamtschatka. Japonia. 
