578 
CARDINALIS. — CARDUELIS. 
Rostrum brève, subulatum, robustum, basi valde plumatum, vibrissis rigidis: 
pedes graciles, digitis brevibus: alae longae, subrotundatae ; remige prima quintam 
subaequante; secunda tertia et quarta omnium longissimis: cauda longula, emar- 
ginata. Ad Tanagrinas quum maxime accedit et potius pertinet. 
amicta Dubus, Esquisse Ornith. Tb. 25. = Setophaga ruhrifrons Gray. 
rubra Bonaparte, Conspectus Avium 1. 312. = Setophaga rubra Swains. 
rubrifrons Sclater, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1858. XXVI. 299. = Setophaga 
ruhrifrons Gray. 
versicolor Salvin, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1863. XXXI. 188. = Setophaga versicolor. 
CARDINALIS (Fringillidae). Brisson, Ornith. 1760. III. 42. — Bonaparte, Sag- 
gio distrib. met. anim. vert. 1831. 53. — Baird, Birds N. America 508. 
Bill enormously large; culmen very slightly curved, commissure sinuated; 
lower jaw broader than the length of the gonys, considerably wider than the 
upper jaw, about as deep as the latter. Tarsi longer than middle toe; outer toe 
rather the longer, reaching a little beyond the base of the middle one; hind toe 
not so long. Wings moderate, reaching over the basal third of the exposed part 
of the tail. Four outer quills graduated; the first equal to the secondaries. Tail 
long, decidedly longer than the wings, considerably graduated; feathers broad, 
truncated a little obliquely at the end, the corners rounded. Color red. Head 
crested. 
angolensis Brisson, Ornith. Append. 78. = Amadina erythro cephala Smith. 
canadensis Brisson, Ornith. III. 48. Tb. 2. Fig. 5. = Pitylus viridis. 
Carlsoni Gray, Genera Birds II. 358. = Loxia Carlsoni Gmel. 
carneus Lesson, Revue Zool. 1842. 209. = Loxia cardinalis Lin. 
granadensis de Lafresnaye, Revue Zool. 1847. 74. = Pitylus phoeniceus. 
igneus Baird. Gray, Handlist Birds II. 102. = Loxia cardinalis Lin. 
Lessoni Bonaparte, Conspectus Avium I. 501. == Loxia cardinalis Lin. 
mexicanus Brisson, Ornith. in. 46. — 
naevius Brisson, Ornith. III. 44. — Brasil. 
phoeniceus Gould, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1837. V. 111. = Pitylus phoeniceus. 
purpureus Brisson, Ornith. III. 49. Tb. 3. Fig. 2. 3. = Loxia cardinalis. 
sinuatus Bonaparte, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1837. V. 111. = Pitylus sinuatus. 
torquatus Brisson, Ornith. III. 45. = Loxia cardinalis Lin. 
virginianus Bonaparte, Conspectus Avium I. 501. = Loxia cardinalis Lin. 
CARDUELIS (Fringillinae. — Carduelis Plinius) Brisson, Ornith. 1760. IIL 53. 
— CuviER, Règne anim. I. 409. = Fringilla Lin. 
Ont le bec exactement conique, sans être bombé en aucun point. Ils vivent 
de grains. 
albida Brisson, Ornith. III. 59. — Fringilla carduelis Lin. 
alboochracea Jacquinot. = Fringilla carduelis Lin. 
americana Swainson, Faun. bor. amer. II. 268. = Fringilla tristis Lin. 
ascendens Brehm, Naumannia 1855. V. 277. = Fringilla carduelis Lin. 
atratus d'Orbigny, Synopsis Avium 83. — Fringilla atrata Gray. 
aurantiipennis Brehm, Naumannia 1855. V. 277. = Fringilla carduelis Lil. 
auratus Eyton. = Fringilla carduelis Lm. 
Bourtoni Gould, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1837. V. 90. = Fringilla Bourtoni Gould. 
Candida Brisson, III. 60. Tb. 4. Fig. 4. = Fringilla carduelis Lin. 
caniceps Vigors, Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1831. I. 23. = Fringilla caniceps Gray. 
carduelis Gray, Handlist Birds II. 80. = Fringilla carduelis Lin. 
coccineus Vieillot. = Fringilla coccinea Gmel. 
colombianus de Lafresnaye, Revue Zool. 1845. 291. — Fringilla mexicana. 
cucullata Swainson, Zool. Illustr. Tb. 7 — Fringilla cucullata Gray. 
elegans Stephens, Gener. Zool. XIV. 30. = Fringilla carduelis Lin. 
germanica Brehm, Vögel Deutschlds. 289. = Fringilla carduelis Lin. 
Lawrencei Cassin, Proceed. Philadelphia 1850. 109. = Fringilla Lawrencei. 
Mensis Rudb. pict. fol. 88. = Fringilla montifringilla Lin. 
luxuosus Lesson, Revue Zool. 1839. 41. = Spiza versicolor Bonap. 
