SOUTH 
as far as possible, from ship's duties, and were thus able to devote 
themselves almost entirely to their own particular spheres. The 
meteorological investigations took on a more definite shape ; the 
instruments intended for the land base were set up on board ship, 
including self-recording barographs, thermometers, and a Dines 
anemometer, with which very satisfactory results were got. The 
physicist set up his quadrant electrometer after a good deal of trouble, 
but throughout the winter liad to struggle constantly vnth rime 
forming on the parts of his apparatus exposed to the outer air. 
Good runs were being thus continually spoilt. The determination 
of the magnetic constants also took up a good part of his time. 
Besides collecting plankton the biologist was now able to put 
down one or other of his dredges at more frequent intervals, always 
taking care, however, not to exhaust his store of preserving material, 
which was limited. The taking of water samples was established 
on a better system, so that the series should be about equally spaced 
out over the ship's course. The geologist suppressed all thought 
of rocks, though occasionally they were met with in bottom samples ; 
his work became almost entirely oceanographical, and included a 
study of the sea-ice, of the physiography of the sea-fioor as shown by 
daily soundings, and of the bottom deposits ; besides this he helped 
the biologist in the temperature and salinity observations. 
The work undertaken and accomplished by each member was as 
wide as possible ; but it was only in keeping with the spirit of the 
times that more attention should be paid to work from which practi- 
cal and economic results were likely to accrue. The meteorologist 
had always in view the effect of Antarctic climate on the other 
southern continents, the geologist looked on ice from a seaman's 
point of view, and the biologist not unwillingly put whales in the 
forefront of his programme. The accounts which follow on these 
very practical points show how closely scientific work in the Antarctic 
is in touch with, and helps on the economic development of, the 
inhabited lands to the north. 
SEA-ICE NOMENCLATURE 
By J. M. WoRME M.A. (Cantab.), Lieut. R.F.A. 
During the voyage of the Endurance it was soon noticed that the 
terms being used to de cribe different forms of ice were not always 
in agreement with those given in Markham's and MilFs glossary in 
The Antarctic Manual," 1901. It was the custom, of course, to 
follow imjilicitly the terminology used by those of the party whose 
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