APPENDIX I 
experience of ice dated back to Captain Scott's first voyage, so that 
the terms used may be said to be common to all Antarctic voyages 
of the present century. The principal changes, therefore, in nomen- 
clature must date from the last quarter of the nineteenth century, 
when there was no one to pass on the traditional usage from the last 
naval Arctic Expedition in 1875 to the Discovery Expedition of 1901. 
On the latter ship Markham's and Mill's glossary was, of com*se, used, 
but apparently not slavishly ; founded, as far as sea4ce went, on 
Scoresby's, made in 1820, it might well have been adopted in its 
entirety, for no writer could have carried more weight than Scoresby 
the younger, combining as he did more than ten years' whaling 
experience with high scientific attainments. Above all others he 
could be accepted both by practical seamen and also by students of 
ice forms. 
That the old terms of Scoresby did not all survive the period of 
indifference to Polar work, in spite of Markham and Mill, is an indica- 
tion either that their usefulness has ceased or that the original usage 
has changed once and for all. A restatement of terms is therefore 
now necessary. Where possible the actual phrases of Scoresby and 
of his successors, Markham and Mill, are still used. The prhiciple 
adopted, however, is to give preference to the words actually used 
by the Polar seamen themselves. 
The following authorities have been followed as closely as possible : 
W. Scoresby, Jun., ' An Account of the Arctic Regions/' 1820, 
vol. i, pp. 225-233, 238-241. 
C. R. Markham and H. R. Mill in " The Antarctic Manual," 1901, 
pp. xiv-xvi. 
J. Payer, " New Lands within the Arctic Circle," 1876, vol. i, 
pp. 3-14. 
W. S. Bruce, ''Polar Exploration" in Home University 
Library, c. 1911, pp. 54r-71. 
Reference should also be made to the annual publication of the 
Danish Meteorological Institute showing the Arctic ice conditions 
of the previous summer. This is pubhshed in both Danish and 
English, so that the terms used there are bound to have a very wide 
acceptance ; it is hoped, therefore, that they may be the means 
of preventing the Antarctic terminology following a different line of 
evolution ; for but seldom is a seaman found nowadays who knows 
both Polar regions. On the Danish charts six different kinds of sea- 
ice are marked — namely, unbroken polar ice ; land-floe ; great ice- 
fields ; tight pack-ice ; open ice ; bay-ice and brash. With the 
exception of bay-ice, which is more generally known as young ice, 
all these terms pass current in the Antarctic. 
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