SOUTH 
Slush or Sludge. The initial stages in the freezing of sea-water, 
when its consistency becomes gluey or soupy. The term is also 
used (but not commonly) for brash-ice still further broken down. 
Pancake-ice. Small circular floes with raised rims ; due to the 
break-up in a gently ruffled sea of the newly formed ice into pieces 
which strike against each other, and so form turned-up edges. 
You7ig Ice. Applied to all unhummocked ice up to about a foot 
in thickness. Owing to the fibrous or platy structure, the floes crack 
easily, and where the ice is not over thick a ship under steam cuts a 
passage without much difficult}^. Young ice may originate from 
the coalescence of pancakes," where the water is slightly ruffled ; 
or else be a sheet of " black ice," covered maybe with ice-flowers," 
formed by the freezing of a smooth sheet of sea-water. 
In the Arctic it has been the custom to call this form of ice " bay- 
ice " ; in the Antarctic, however, the latter term is ^Tongly used 
for land-floes (fast ice, etc.), and has been so misapphed consistently 
for fifteen years. The term bay-ice should possibly, therefore, be 
dropped altogether, especially since, even in the Arctic, its meaning 
is not altogether a rigid one, as it may denote, first, the gluey 
" slush," which forms when sea-water freezes, and, secondly, the firm 
level sheet ultimately produced. 
Land-floes. Heavy but not necessarily hummocked ice, with 
generally a deep snow covering, which has remained held up in the 
position of growth by the enclosing nature of some feature of the 
coast, or by gromided bergs throughout the summer season when 
most of the ice breaks out. Its thickness is, therefore, above the 
average. Has been called at various times " fast ice," coast-ice," 
land-ice," " bay-ice " by Shackleton and David and the Charcot 
Expedition ; and possibly what Drygalski calls Schelfeis is not very 
different. 
Floe. An area of ice, level or hummocked, whose limits are with- 
in sight. Includes all sizes between brash on the one hand and fields 
on the other. " Light floes " are between one and two feet in thick- 
ness (anything thinner being " young ice "). Those exceeding two 
feet in thickness are termed ''heavy floes," being generally hum- 
mocked, and in the Antarctic, at any rate, covered by fairly deep 
snow. 
Field. A sheet of ice of such extent that its limits cannot be 
seen from the masthead. 
Hummoching. Includes aU the processes of pressure formation 
whereby level young ice becomes broken up and built up into 
Hummocky Floes. The most suitable term for what has also been 
called " old pack " and screwed pack " by David, and Scholleneis 
by German writers. In contrast to young ice, the structure is no 
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