APPENDIX I 
during an Antarctic summer and Manter. From December to March, 
a few minutes' haul of a tow-net at the surface was sufificient to choke 
up the meshes with the plant and animal hfe, but this abxmdance 
of surface life broke off abruptly in April, and subsequent hauls 
contained very small organisms until the return of dayUght and the 
opening up of the pack-ice. The lower water strata, down to about 
100 fathoms, were only a Httle more productive, and Euphau^ice 
were taken in the hauls — though sparingly. During the winter 
spent at Elephant Island, our total catch of gentoo penguins 
amounted to 1436 for the period April 15 to August 30, 1916. 
All these birds were cut up, the livers and hearts were extracted 
for food, and the skins were used as fuel. At the same time 
the stomachs were invariably examined, and a record kept of 
the contents. The largest proportion of these contained the small 
crustacean Euplmusia, and this generally to the exclusion of other 
forms. Occasionally, however, small fish were recorded. The 
quantity of Eitphausice present in most of the stomachs was enormous 
for the size of the birds. These penguins were migrating, and came 
ashore only when the baj^s were clear of ice, as there were several 
periods of fourteen consecutive days when the bays and the sur- 
rounding sea were covered over with a thick compact mass of ice- 
floes, and then penguins were entirely absent. Eupliausice, then, 
seem to be present in sufficient quantity in certain, if not in all, 
sub-Antarctic waters during the southern winter. We may assume 
then that the migration to the south, during the Antarctic sum- 
mer, is definitely in search of food. Observations have proved the 
existence of a northern migration, and it seems highly improb- 
able that this should also be in search of food, but rather for 
breeding purposes, and it seems that the whales select the more 
temperate regions for the bringing forth of their young. This view 
is strengthened by the statistical foetal records, which show that 
pairing takes place in the northern areas, that the foetus is carried 
by the mother during the southern migration to the Antarctic, 
and that the calves are born in the more congenial waters north of 
the sub-Antarctic area. We have still to prove, however, the 
possibihty of a circumpolar migration, and we are quite in the dark 
as to the number of whales that remain in sub- Antarctic areas during 
the Southern winter. 
The following is a rough classification of whales, with special 
reference to those known to occur in the South Atlantic : 
361 
