July 2, 1900.] Supplement to the "Tropical Agriculturist." 
71 
3 Bast Papers. 
This includes Japanese papers from soft basts, 
SLicli as the paper mulberry (Biousionetia) or 
species of the genus Eclgeworthia. 
3. Palm Papers. 
From the fibrous material of palms and similar 
monocotyledorzons plants. Ex, Palmetto and 
Yucca papers. 
Jf. Bamboo and Grass Papers. 
This includes all paper material from grami- 
naceous plants, including the bamboo?, esparto, 
maize, and true grasses. 
5, Woodjjulp and Cellulose. 
The wood of spruce, poplar and similar "paper- 
pulp" woods, prepared by various chemical and 
mechanical processes. 
It should be noted that an absolute economic 
classification of uses with relation to species is 
impossible, as the same fibre may be used in 
several ways. Manilla hemp is manufactured 
into rope, and old Manilla rope into Manilla paper. 
Cotton is used for fabrics, as a netting fibre, for 
cordage, in ni>holstei-y, and in paper. In t'act 
there are veiy few fibres which are not made into 
paper, the aiinount of cellulose they contain and 
the cost of the processes by which they are con- 
verted being the main considerations. The same 
plant may also yield two kinds of fibres, as lint 
cotton covering tiie seed, and cotton bast, stripped 
from the stalk, 
'[_Conclusion.'\ 
CEYLON CATTLE ^AS DAIRY STOCK, 
No one will deny that the native cattle of Ceylon 
have hopelessly degenerated especially as milking 
Stock if indeed they even e.xcelled as such. 
A cow may be said to be a milk-making machine, 
and every cow can be made to yield a quantity of 
milk commensurate with the care aod feeding be- 
stowed on her. There are diflierent organs in the 
body, and their development depends greatly on 
the attention paid to them. So if attention is paid 
to the milk-secreling organ of the cow, within 
the course of a few generations, Ceylon cattle 
may also be made to supply fairly good dairy 
stock. I remember a lady upcouniry remarking 
that English and Australian calves very soon take 
to hand" feeding, and that it takes a long time 
to teach the country calf to feed in this way. 
The only reas^m which I could assign on being 
questioned as to the cause, was that the difficulty 
was due to hereditary defect, and any improvt- 
ment or change must not be looked forward to 
till the next generation, and that, too, provided the 
■rreatest attention be given to the improvement of 
the habit coraplniiied of. The villagers do not leal- 
ize the essential coiidiiions required for producing 
milk cai tie. I will try to explain some of these :— 
1. Feeding. — The milk producing animal 
requiie^ higiily albuminous and fatty foods, that 
is to say, ic needs foods which supply the 
ingredients required to produce milk, after having 
supplied all bodily wants. Such food as native 
cattle pick up generally only suffices to maintain 
animal heat, and to some extent to repair the wear 
ana tear of the tissues, and leaves no balance 
for laying on fat or for producing milk. 
2. Temperament. — Native cattle are more or 
less wild animals. The reason of thisi< that chey 
are not properly fed and tended ; they are, on the 
other hand, roughly handled by man and allowed 
to roam about in search for food exposed to all sorts 
of risks, and are frequently disturbed and frighten- 
ed by other beasts. Hence they grow timid. 
Such spare energy as they possess is expended in 
unnecessary excitement and exercise. 
The cow has first got to be made docile 
before we can expect to make a milking animal 
of her. The promiscuous mixing of heifers, 
cows in milk and in calf, young stock and bull 
of all ages, is most repreliensible, and such a 
state of things makes the possiliility of breeding 
out good milch cows an utter impossibility. 
First and foremost, there should be a selection 
of bulls made, all weedy males being castrated. 
Next the herd should as far as possible be divided 
into dififereut lots when at grass,, one lot consisting 
of cows in milk, another of cows in calf, &e. It in 
only in this way that a beginning could be mad« 
of making the future native milch cow a docile 
creature, for an excitable animal will never 
settle down to milk secretion. A, Chinniah. 
THE POONA DAIRY. 
{From the last Report.) 
The profit for the year was R2,470. There 
were 194 animals in the herd at the end of the 
yeir as compared with 187 at the beginning. 
Fifty animals, chiefly young he-buffaloes and old 
cows, were sold. The herd was iiealthy through- 
out the year, and the present strength is about the 
full limit tliat can be conveniently maintained. 
In the cattle-breeding and dairy operations cer- 
tain definite aims are kept in view: — 
(i.) To breed up to a higher standard certain of 
the breed- of India as regards their milking capa- 
city, and to main'.nin, or, if possible, improve the 
usefuluess of the same breeds for draft purposes. 
(ii.) To supply pure milk and other dairy 
products to the sick in hospital, and, as far &n 
po-sible, to the public in Poona at rates which 
are kept so high that our operations do not 
interfere with private enterprise. 
(iii.) Tc shew by precept and example the 
advantages of cleanliness and in proved methods 
and appliances in dairy minagement, and the 
necessity of careful minagemeut and feeding for 
dairy cattle. 
(iv.) T ) teach dairy methods, the manipulation 
of dairy machinery and cattle management to 
those who attend at the farm for the purpose of 
being taught. Mere onlookers are nolL admitted 
to these privileges. Men who come to learn must 
also work. 
It may be definitely said that progress in all 
the directions indicated above has been made 
from year to year, and there has been no back- 
sliding in the year under report. 
Young cows bred on the farm are proving 
themselves excellent milkers. The sales of milk 
and butter 'could be greatly increased, but 
with present facilities any increase is imp' ssible. 
A number of soldier? were sent fur instruction 
in order to be able to manage dairies and milk 
cattle in oUier cantonments, Tlie department 
can take credit for initiating in India an enter- 
prise which has liad a material influence on 
agricultural prospeiity on the improvement of 
of Indian butter, and its export trade. 
The services of farm bulls are given gratis to 
all healthy cows, 
