12 
THE TROPICAL AGEICULTURIST. [July 1, 1902. 
HOT A? R CHAMBER 
B 
4s 
FiQ. 2. Section along the line x. x. of Fig. 1. 
FIGS. 1 AND 2. DRYING STOVE, FOR THE 
rEEPAKATION OF I'AFAIN. 
(A), Opening, across which the drying trays sre 
Bnpported. (B). Iron plate, (C;. Fire Grate. (D). 
Chiinuey. with). This is open at the top. About 
afoot from the top the chamber is divided horizon- 
tally into two compartments by a sheet of iron, (B.) 
and below this division a small fire grate (C,) is 
constructed ; at the opposite end from the grate a 
chimney (D). is placed to lead the smoke from the 
lower compartment. (Fig. 2.) In order to obtain an 
even heat in the upper compartment it is well to 
Bpread a layer of sand, one or two inches thick, 
over the iron plates. The frames carrying the coagu- 
lated milk are placed on the top of the chamber, 
BO as to form a lid or cover to the opening (A.) 
when heat from the iron plate drivoa off the mois- 
ture at a low temperature. 
It is important that the temperature at which 
drying is effected shall bo as low as possible. Any 
over-heating destroys the active principle, so that a 
carelessly prepared product may be useless. In prac- 
tice, the temperature is kept as low as is consistent 
with getting the substance dried before decomposition 
Beta in : if this can be done without the tempera- 
tare of the tray being raised above 100 deg. Fahrenheit 
Bj' much the better. 
As the substance becomes dry it shrinks consider- 
ably in bulk. The contents of several trays may 
now be emptied into one and the drying continued. 
The traya emptied are ready to receive another day's 
aopply of fresh material. 
Drying must be continued until the substance is 
criap and in such a condition that it can be reduced to 
a fine powder without any difficulty being experienced 
from stickinesa. The dried material should be ground 
to a fine powder when the resulting product shoald 
be a white or cream coloured powder with a charac- 
teristic, bat not putrid, Fmell. The power should be 
packed [in tins or bottles, and carefully preserved 
from contact with the air. Grinding is easily effected 
in a mill of the type commonly employed for grinding 
coffee : when grinding it is desirable to have the 
papain niightly warmed 
CULTIVATION OP PEPPER IN THE 
BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 
A furlfur (iccounl of Manures used in Spice 
Gardeim. 
By J. MoLuaoN, Eag., m.k.a.c. Dkputy Directoii 
or AoKICt.'LTUttE, PoONA. 
[Tbe Survey Commiaaiouer aid Director, Land Re- 
cords and Agriculture, liombay, having furniahed this 
office with a copy of Mr. Mollison'a report No. C'17, 
dat«d the 7th October, 190O, (on the above-mentioned 
Bobjcct) tbo following extract from it is given as a 
supplement to the AyricuUiLvOl Ledger No. 3 of 1900. 
The additional information will be found to include 
enumeration of those trees, the leaves of which are 
commonly used for leaf manure, as well as the 
chemical analysis of the different kinds of leaves, 
manures, and soils by Dr. Leather, Assistant Agricul- 
tural Chemist to the Government of India. The in- 
infoniiation thus furnished may be found of interest 
as a contribution to the large question of Gbeen 
Manuiung.J Ed. 
The more common trees in beta lands and in pro- 
tected forest, which are specially useful to the culti- 
vators, for manure purposes, are referred to in short 
detail below : — 
Kaval or Kavla (A'.)* (Careya arborea, Boxb.) — 
Leaves big, fleshy, soon rot as green manure, and con- 
sidered specially good for leaf mould. Trees abundant 
in beta, lands. 
Bonne [K.) (Pterocarpus Marsupium, Eoxl.)— 
Leaves are rather small and are not considered 
particularly good for leaf -mould. 
Jambc. (K.) (Xylia dolabriformiSj Bentli.) Used more 
as a covering for the leaf-mould manure as light branch 
wood than for leaf-mould. They do not decay quickly. 
lUrda ( I/,), AlaJe {K.) (Terminalia Chebula, Retz.) 
— The best leaves of all for green leaf-mould, and are 
supposed to kill insects and grubs. Leaves small and 
do not rot very quickly. They are eaten as fodder by 
cattle. 
Kanngal [K.) Dillenia peatagyna, JRo£c5.)— Leaves are 
good for leaf -mould, They are very large and fleshy 
aud decay very quickly. Flowers, buds and fruit eaten. 
Berries eaten greedily by deer and other animals. 
Honal {K.) (Terminalia paniculata, Both.)— Con- 
sidered nearly as good as matti for leaf-mould. Leaves 
not large and do not decay particularly quickly, 
Maiti (K.) (Terminalia tomentosa, iJerftZ.)— Leaves 
and branches considered excellent for leaf-mould, the 
former large and easily collected. Leaves used as 
cattle fodder. 
Nerlu (K.) or Jambvl {Ml.) (Eugenia Jambolana, Linn. 
— Used to a considerable extent for a leaf-mould or 
for branch wood, used as a covering over leaf-manure. 
Bite (K.) (Dalbergialatifolia.jRoxJ.— Blackwood. Re- 
served as a valuable timber tree. 
Nelli (K.) (Phyllanthus Emblica, iiwM.) -Branches 
also used as protective covering for young cardamom 
seedlings. Fruit and leaves good fodder, 
,surhonne (K.) (Calophyllum tomentosum, Wight.)— 
Sirpoon tree. Evergreen. Found in Kans, not in beta 
lands or protected forest. 
Kari Muttala (K.) (Ougeinia dalbergioides, Benih.)— 
Leaves used for fodder. 
2, It will be noticed that the unreserved trees which 
are reported to give the most usefulleavea and branches 
for garden requirements have no great value as timber 
trees. 
3, A Kanara gardener requires that the leaves 
for green manure shall be within his reach so 
he pollards and lops. Afterwards the foliage 
(it IS cut every second year) is within easy reach 
and for a number of years a large amount of both 
foliage and ligbt-branchwood is produced. In course 
of time the tree dies prematurely by exhaustion 
or ill-health mduced by bad usage. The pollarding 
practised unquestionably shortens the life of trees. 
It will also diminish iheir fail value when dead, because 
they have spent their substance in producing by un- 
natural treatment leavea and small branches instead 
of natural growth. But the result justifies the means 
because small branches and leaves are specially re- 
quired by the gardeners. And if young trees of 
BUitalilo varieties are so protected that they replace 
old decayed trees, and if pollarding is prohibited until 
yoang trees attain ceitain dimensions as proposed 
by the Committee in the draft rules, then I think the 
interests of Government will be fully safeguarded, and 
the requirements of the gardens fully maintained. I 
s aw numerous inatancoa of well-managed beta lunJa. 
* (K) indicates that the name is iianareae, (M) that 
it 18 Malayalaui. - \ / 
