S66 
Supplement to the " Tropical Agriculturist*^ [Nov. 1, 1902. 
colour after keeping, it must be rejected. The 
good galls are then mixed together before being 
sent out. 
(6) Gall is considered most effective and gives 
the best results when obtained from a sick beast 
oa the 10th day after artificial inoculation, or on 
the 4th or 5th day after the visible symptoms 
have become apparent in natural infection. 
Earlier or later galls should be avoided, and gall 
taken from an animal which has died, unless the 
duration of the disease is known, is not to be 
recommended unless carefully examined. 
(c) The gall should be used on the second day 
after being drawn if practicable, but if kept cool 
either by placing the bottles in iced chests, or 
wrapping them in wet cloths, and placing them in 
a cool draught, may be kept fresh and safe up to 
the third or even fourth day. 
(J) Both before and after the gall is placed in 
the bottles, they should be disinfected, and also 
the cloths that are wrapped round them, before 
being sent to the inoculator. 
(e) The inoculator should not extract the gall 
from the affected animal himself, nor come near to 
the infected cattle ; but if it is necessary for him 
to do so, he should change his clothes and boots, 
and disinfect his hands well before commencing to 
inoculate, also see that everyone handling the 
cattle has been thoroughly disinfected. 
(/) As it is never certain when inoculating 
within an infected area, that the herd is com- 
pletely free from infection, the needle of the 
syringe should be cleaned, and disinfected in a five 
per cent, solution of carbolic acid or alcohol after 
each inoculation, and the skin of the animal at the 
seat of inoculation should be cleaned and dis- 
infected both before and after the operation with 
Jeyes' Fluid or other similar disinfecting solution. 
\g) The small cup or vessel containing the gall, 
from which the syringe is repeatedly filled, should 
be kept covered with a small piece of linen or 
calico, wrung out in the disinfecting solution, and 
the operator's hands and syringe should be fre- 
quently disinfected. 
(h) As infection may be in any herd unknown 
to the operator, he should disinfect his hands and 
clothes well after inoculating each herd, and for 
the same reason, it is not desirable to have the 
same boys to assist in catching different herds of 
cattle. 
The objections to Pure Bile Inoculations are : — 
(a) Biles vary so much in their immunising 
properties, and there is no practical method of 
examination on the veld which will indicate 
whether the bile being used is strong or weak in 
immunising properties ; hence the operator is un- 
able to regulate the dose which he should inject, 
or to calculate the duration of the immunity 
which the inoculation will confer. 
(6) Inoculation with pure bile does not produce 
its effects at once, complete immunity is not 
established until about the tenth day ; an inocu- 
lated animal may contract a severe form of Einder- 
pest up to the sixth day after bile inoculation, if 
exposed to infection. 
Further, there can be little doubt that many 
pure biles intensify the disease, and hasten the 
fatal termination in already infected animals ; it 
is, therefore, not so suitable for the inoculation of 
infected herds as glycerinated bile or serum. 
(c) Bile inoculation— either pure or glyceri- 
nated — necessitates the destruction of a large 
proportion of the animals to be inoculated, not 
less than six per cent, when the necessary care is 
exercised in the selection of suitable bile. In this 
respect it compares very unfavourably with serum. 
{d) Lastly, pure bile will not keep. Dr Turner 
say :— 
" In the laboratorj^ using minute precautions 
to prevent the introdution of putrefactive organ- 
isms, and by placing the fluid in an ice chest, it 
is sometimes possible to preserve the bile, in a 
state in which it can be used without danger, for 
a period of ten days. But usually the bile is 
already infected with putrefactive organisms in 
the gall-bladder itself, so that any amount of care 
is futile"; and Veterinary Surgeon Shepherd, 
when referring to the formation of abscesses after 
bile inoculation, says " that these are not 
necessarily due to carelessness — I have xjequently 
found microscopically putrefactive and other 
bacteria in abundance in the very best looking 
Koch gall." 
Method of Inoculating, 
" After having secured the animal to be operated 
on, the necessary dose of bile is injected under 
the skin of the dewlap by means of a hypodermic 
syringe, and well rubbed in. Care should be 
taken that the point of the needle is not inserted 
into the flesh, but between the shin and the flesh 
only. The local result of inoculation with bile is 
a hard, somewhat painful swelling, about the size 
of a man's fist, which gradually disappears in the 
course of a week or two. 
Glycerinated Bile. 
"Edington's Method is made by adding one 
part of glycerine to two parts of bile. The 
mixture should be well stirred together, and 
allowed to stand for eight days. Experience has 
taught us, however, that if urgently required, the 
glycerinated bile may be safely used, even for 
intravenous injection, forty-eight hours after 
being mixed. The dose of the glycerinated bile 
is from 15 to 35 c.c. —according to the size of the 
animal — injected into the cellular tissue under the 
loose skin of the dewlap, and well rubbed in. 
When used in an infected herd, large doses should 
be given, as it possesses distinct curative action ; 
and in all animals which have a high tempsrature, 
indicating that the fever is already established, 
large doses should be injected into the jugular 
vein direct. It was claimed for glycerinated bile 
that it did not communicate the disease, as fresh 
pure bile was liable to do, the glycerine having 
the effect of destroying the active organism of 
Rinderpest, as well as those of putrefaction, but 
that it exercised no modifj'ing action on the 
immunising substances contained in the bile, and 
although the immunity which it conferred was a 
passive one, this was considered an advantage 
rather than otherwise, as it rendered the inocu- 
lated animals susceptible to a modified reaction 
when injected, ten days after, with a dose of O'l 
c.c. of virulent blood. A second dose of virulent 
blood, of double the strength, was" injected from 
