AGHlICtTLTORlSf . (Jan. 1, 1903. 
India. It is spread by a fly rather lilce the 
eomnion house fly, called the Tse-tse fly 
((ilossina Morsitans). B, —Trypanosoma G-am- 
biense. — Only discovered last year in the blooJ 
of man, on the Gambia, West Africa, by Dr. 
Dutton. Since the discovery it has been seen 
several times, and is associated with disease 
characterised by pnffiaess of the face, especially 
of the lower eyelids, enlarged spleen, irregular 
fever and congested areas of skins. How it 
enters the human body is not known, 
Class III.— Infusoria.— There are some pira- 
sites of not much importance in this class, which 
may be passed over. 
Class IV. — Sporozoa.— All these animals are 
parasitic, and are most important, including 
among them the malarial fever micro-oreanisuis. 
Two orders of the Sporozoa will concern us to- 
night : — A. — The Coccidiclte. B. — The HiEmos- 
poridaj. A. — Coccididfe, — The Coccididse, as 
Coccidium oviforme, may be found in the cells 
of the alimentary canal and liver of man, 
rabbits and other animals. The life history of 
a typical Coccidium is divided into two different 
cycles The asexual, called Schizogony; 
(2) The sexual, called Sporogony. 
Proceeding the lecturer showed on the screen 
and explained the asexual cycle and the sexual 
cycle, and went on to deal with the Haemos- 
poridsB. — The Hsemosporidaj are Sporozoa which 
live in the red blood cells of vertebrate animals. 
They may have evolved, in the struggle for 
existence, from the Coccididje. The Baemos- 
poridae include many animals whish cause disease 
in frogs, birds, cattle, bats and man. 
The Hsemosporidae of Man. — These are the 
organisms which cause malarial fever, and are 
classified into :— Genus 1. — HoemamcBbidoe.— The 
Gametoeytes are similar to the Schizouts. 
Species A. — Hcemamcoba Malaria. — The parasite 
of quartan malarial fever. Species B. — Hcema- 
mceba Vivax, — The parasite of tertian malarial 
fever. 
Genus 2. — HjEMOMenas. — The Gamaetocytes 
are dissimilar to the Schizonts.— Species.— 
Heemomenas Prsecox. — The parasite of Aesti\oa- 
utumnal, or tropical fever. 
LIFE HISTORY OP THE MALARIAL 
PARASITE. 
The chief interest in the lecture centred under 
this head and after explaining A. —Schizogony, 
assexual reproduction, or cycle of Golgi ; B.— 
Sporogony, sexual reproduction, or cycle of Ross, 
he showed how the Anopheles hit the man and 
sent the Sporozoites into his blood. Proceeding 
he said : — The mosquitoes in which the malarial 
germs develop are called Anopheles (hurtful). 
These Anopheles can be distinguished from the 
more common Culex by— (1) Their pose while 
resting — They stand on their heads on a horizontal 
surface and horizontally out from a vertical surface. 
(2) Their palpi are long in both sexes. (3) The 
second and third long veins of their wings project 
into the basal cells of those organs. 
LIFE HISTORY OF AN ANOPHELES. 
The Anopheles starts its life as an ege, which 
is laid in the early hours of the morning by its 
mother in water, which may be brack'sh or fresh, 
still or running (but not too swiftly), which con- 
tains green algre for the future hnvx to feed 
upon, and which is exposed to sunlight. In three 
to four days the egg hatches and out comes a 
carioae little object called a larva, with a most 
healtliy appetite. This larva diff'ers from the Culex 
larva by swimming on the surface of the water 
while breathing, and not hanging down from it. 
In about three v;eeks the larva turns into an ex- 
traordinary shaped object called a pupa. In about 
four days the pupa gives birth to theimago orinsect 
which starts on its nuptial flight, after which it en- 
ters some house, and by means of its stilette, two 
knives and two saws,makes a hole in the tough skin 
of a human being, and through its long tube or 
proboscis sucks the blood by means of a little 
pump into the stomach. While it is making the 
holes its saliva is being injected into the human 
being, and along with the sa'iva the malarial 
germ. The blood which it sucks may contain 
the malarial germ, which thus gains an entry into 
the mosquito. The female mosquito alone sucks 
blood, but the reason, why it does this, is not 
clear. In the daytime the mosquito retires into 
some dark recess in the house, or into some shady 
retreat out of doors. The best time for mo^quoesy 
is after the heavy rains are over, hence December 
and January are ihe great montlts for them in 
Ceylon. In the very dry weather they hibernate 
in shady nooks. Anoplieles are very common in 
Ceylon, being found in Colombo, Kurunegala and 
its district, from Dambulla to Jaff^ua, in fact 
everywhere where I have looked for them I found 
Anopheles. Therefore one would expect that 
malaria would be fairly common in Ceylon. 
Luckily, however, the malarial germ is not very 
common in the Anopheles in Colombo. 
Malaria in Ceylon.— Malaria is one of the 
commonest diseases of Ceylon. When the curve to 
total disease in Ceylon is compared with that of 
malaria, a great similarity is seen, especially in 
the region of the north-east monsoon. 
Curves op Malaria.— The curves illustrating 
malaria in Ceylon are divided into two charts, 
one representing the disease in the part ot the 
Island affected by north east and south-west 
monsoons, and another representing the part 
affected by the north east monsoon only. It will 
at once be seen that malarial fevers are most 
numerous in January, which is also the most 
unhealthy month in (Jeyloii. People ought not to 
visit places like Anurdhapura in December or 
January, as they are the worst months of the year. 
Yet unfortunately those are the months during 
which they are advised to go there. 
RELATibN.SHip to THE Rainfai l.— It wiU be 
noticed that the rains are always before the great 
increase of malaria. 
The rise of the malarial curve is at first slow, 
due no doubt to the persons already infected 
getting chills and fever, for chill is a great predis- 
posing cause of disease. During the rains the 
mosquito can only get about in the intervals, but 
when the rains case and the ground is every- 
where waterlogged many pools exist: then is the 
time for the mosquito, and out they come ; hence 
December and January are the great months for 
mosquitoes. Now the mosquitoes find the old 
casp.s of malarial fever ready for them with germs 
fresh from the chills of the rains. They 
swallow these germs and propagate them to 
new cases, hence the rapid rise in December and 
J. 1 unary. 
Practical Applicatiox.— If we pay no heed 
to the spread of malaria by Anopheles, then the 
work of Wanson, Ross, might never have been 
done. Precautions should be taken to avoid 
malaria, for prevention is better than cure, 
