2S0 
Supplement to the '^Tropical Agriculturist." [Sept. 1, 1899. 
Moreover, it is very evident that tlie Drs. had 
no great confidence in the success of this small 
first injection of bile themselves, for they make 
provision for, and give directions how to act should 
the disease follow the first it>oculation with 8 c.c. 
Bub with glycerinated bile, the case is entirely 
different, it can with perfect safety be injected in- 
to healthy susceptible cattle in doses sufficiently 
large to give complete immunity against the dan- 
ger of a second large dose of fresh pure bile com- 
municating the disease. Consideri^ig, therefore, 
lhat Eindei'pest has practically died out in the 
Colony, no farmer with a clean herd would will- 
ingly run the ritk of introducing the disease 
amongest his cattle, if he could get them protec- 
ted without the necessity of doing so. I have no 
hesitation, therefore, in reply to the question, — 
What method of inoculation should be adopted in 
the case of clean herds which are in danger? to 
recommend that they be at once inocul ited with a 
large dose of glyccrinated bile (from 20 to 30 c.c.) 
corresponding to lliesize of the animals, and follow 
this inoculation in from eight to twelve days with 
an injection of a large dose (10 to 20 c.c.) of strong 
pure bile. If this is properly carried out, such 
inoculated animals would have a lengthened im- 
munity conferred upon them sufficient for all prac- 
tical purposes. 
With respect to Drs. Krause's recommendation 
to follow these two bile inoculations with an in- 
jection of virulent blood, — there is no part of South 
Africa in which an injection of virulent blood 
after bile inoculation has been so largely practised 
as in Cape Colony, and our experience is that one 
dose of virulent blood injected on the tenth d'ly 
after bile inoculation does not strengthen or ex- 
tend the immunity conferred by the bile, if such 
bile possessed strong immunising properties and 
the blood inoculation that followed produced no 
fever reaction. If, on the other hand, the bile 
was weak in immunising properties, the mortality 
that followed the virulent blood inoculation was 
very high, in many cases 75 per cent, and even 
more. 
In controverting our expressed opinion on this 
point Drs. Krause make a very important qualify- 
ing remark. They say " It is an established fact 
that once an animal is rendered immune, and gradu- 
ally infectious materials are conveyed to its blood, 
the greater the increase of the immunity will be. " 
Quite so ; we never disputed that inoculation with 
virulent blood in gradually increasing doses, in- 
jected at short intervals after bile, will increase 
the immunity conferred by the bile. We empha- 
sized this fact, vide my annual report for 1897, p. 
25. The point that we disputed and still maintain 
is that \i one dose of virulent blood is injected into 
an animal ten daj's after tliat animal was inoculated 
with Koch's bile, when the latter confers an im- 
munity which resists the action of the dose of 
virulent blood so copletely that no reaction 
follows, then the immunity of that animal is not 
perceptibly strengtliened by such an inoculation 
with virulent blood. I do not think that any one 
who rends the account of oar expeiiment at 
Taaiboschfontein in the Herbert district in 1B97 
can entertain any doubt on that point, vide niy 
annual report for 1897, p. 14. 
But apart from its utility or otherwise, there 
are very few farmers in the Cape Colony who 
would now favour t!ie blood inoculation after 
bile in healthy herds owing (a) to the danger of 
introducing active rinderpest amongst them, and 
(b) the danger of introducing other diseases such 
as red-v^ater by the blood inoculation. 
These are also the chief reasons why the serum 
and blood method of inoculation should not be 
applied to healthy herds,in the majority of the 
cattle districts of the Colony, at least not unless 
the disease should again assume an epizootic form, 
which we sincerely hope it my not. But inde- 
pendent of the undesirabiliry of introducing the 
disea.-e into clean herds now that it has become 
spcradic in its character, it will be impossible to 
oljtain any strong serum after our present limited 
supply is exhausted, as there will be no suitable 
animals available for its immediate production. 
As Dr. Turner remarks, " such highly fortified ani- 
mals as would producf^d strong immuni.-ing serum 
could not be prepared in less than three months. 
Hence bile must of necessity be used 'for th inocula- 
tion of herds in fresh outbie iks of an isolated and 
sporadic character. " 1 would therefore strongly 
recommend lhat in every outbreak of the disease 
that occur.^, every drop of suitable bile obtained 
from the animals \\h:ch die should be mixed with 
glycerine in proper proportions, two .parts of bile 
to one of glycerine, so that it may be preserved 
and made available for the inoculation of in- 
fected herds, and also for the first inoculation of 
clean herds which may be considered in danger. 
Pure bile for the second inoculation of clean herds 
can always be obtained when the disease appear* 
in any locality, which would be the only reason 
for inoculating clean herds in the immediate 
vicinity. The method of inoculation which I 
would recommend in future sporadic outbreaks of 
the disease is briefly as follows : — 
Infected Herds. — These should be inoculated at 
once with either serum or glycerinated bile; every 
animal which indicates infection by a rise of tem- 
perature should receive a large dose of not less than 
JOO cc. of serum, or 30 cc. of glycerinatid bile, 
the latter should by preference be itijected into 
the jugular vein, so as to secure its immediate 
action. Then from eight to twelve days after, all 
the animals in the herds which give no indication 
of being infected with the dise-ise or fever should 
receive an injection of pure bile ; not less than 10 
cc, and for large animals 20 cc. This will confer 
a lasting immunity sufficient for all practical 
purposes. 
Clean Herds. — When it is decided to incculato 
a clean herd which is in danger of becoming in- 
fected through its proximity to diseased cattle, I 
would recommend that the animals composing the 
herd should be inoculated first with 20 cc. of gly- 
cerinated bile, and to follow this inoculation in 
from eight to twelve days with an injection of 
from 10 to 20 cc. of pure bile. This will confer a 
strong and lasting immunity on the animals in the 
herd, and will be free from jisk arising from the 
inoculation or of introducing the disease. 
DiEECTIO.N'S FOE PEEPAEINa THE BiLB. 
The bile should be taken from an affected 
animal immediately after death, or from one 
which is killed in the last stage of collapse- 
Biles of all shades of colour — except those 
which are red from the presence of blood— may b9 
