584 
THE 'yPvOPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Maech I, 1900. 
ordinary indigestion. After a time the animal 
appears dull and dejected and loses its appetite. 
There may be twitching of the muscles of 
some part of the body. Usually at the outset 
there is constipation, soon followed by diarrhoea 
with blood in the discharges, which becomes 
worse as times noes on and has an offensive 
odour, the term "rice water diarrhoea being 
applied." Membranous casts resembling strings of 
flesh may be passed. The posterior bowel is in- 
tensely red and inflamed, and in the last stages 
protrudes fiom the anus. 
There is a discliarge from the eyes and nose 
which is irritant and often causes sores around 
the nostrils. The lining of the mouth becomes 
red and inflinied, and ulcers may l)e found in- 
side the lips,* red patches may be seen insi le the 
thighs of males and in females around the udder 
and vulva and inside the vagina. In the later 
stages the animal has a miserable appearance 
and may give low moans, emaciation goes on 
rapidly, the eyes sink and there is utter collapse 
aud death. 
Precautions to be observed when an 
OUTBREAK OCCURS OR IS SUSPECTED.— Wiien 
an animal falls ill in a herd exhibiting the 
symptoms of the disease it should be at once 
isolated in a shed as far away as possible from 
other cattle. As fever is one of the earliest symp- 
toms, the temperatures of the remainder should 
be taken every day, and any showing high fever 
over 103 F. should be removed and isolated. In 
this way an animal can be picked out before it 
spreads the infection to its neighbours. It is 
aa well to have two sheds, one for animals having 
a high temperature suspected to be developing the 
disease, and the other where those that develop the 
disease can be taken. Sacks soaked in creosote 
and water [h teacupful to a buclcet of water) or 
carbolic acid and water should be hung up in 
all the sheds for disinfection. The walls and floors 
should be sprinkled with the same solution or 
Jeye's fluid and water. The cattle should not 
be allowed to drink all from one vessel. 
As an aid to prevention all the animals may 
be given ten drops of Jeye's fluid daily in their 
food. After three or four days' use it should 
be discontinued for a couple of days and then 
given again. 
It is obvious that an owner should prevent his 
cattle coming into contact with other cattle as 
much as possible during an outbrealc in a district 
and should not allow outside cattle to come on 
the estate, or cart manure from an infected 
village to the estate. 
Treatment of Sick Animals.— Very little can 
be done in the way of treatment, but the following 
I have found most useful :— 
Quinine . . . . 1 dram 
ArrR,ck ... .. J bottle 
Rice Congee... .. 4 bottles 
(Mixed.) 
To be given once or twice a day for a week or 
longer if necessary. 
Ten drops of .Jeye's fluid may also be given 
daily. 
* They differ from the blisters of Foofc-and-Mouth 
disease, being ci-acJcs in the skin, while the super- 
ficial layer of the akin is raised in the form of a 
blister in Foot-and-Mouth disease, and in the latter 
disease the feet are sore as well. 
As Food.— Rice congee, scalded bran, or bovinia 
and water. No hard food such as straw or grass 
should on any account be given until convalescence 
is well established, and then very gradually. 
If there is \ iolent diarrhoea a few do.ses of the 
following powder will be found beneficial : — 
Prepared chalk . . . . 2 ounces 
Powdered catechu ... .. tV ounce 
Powdered Gentian .. ... H ounces 
(Mixed.) 
To be given in a quart of congee. 
Inoculation. —When Rinderpest made its ap- 
pearance in South Africa and be'^ame so widespread, 
scientific experts were got out to endeavour by 
experiment to find out a method of protective 
inoculation. After some time Professor Koch 
pointed out that the contents of the gall bladder, 
the "bile" jjossessed protective properties when 
taken from an animal dead from rinderpest under 
certain conditions. This is the " bile method." 
Later it was found tliat the blood of an animal 
that had recovered from the disease had pro- 
tective properties in a mild degree. By injecting 
such an animal with gradually increasing doses 
of virulent rinderpest blood it was capable after 
a time of giving a blood setum of high protect- 
ive value. This is the serum ■iucthod" and all 
the others are modifications of the two. 
The bile method is simple and can be carried 
out without much difficulty. The material is 
always at hand whenever the disease breaks out. 
The serum method requiies a properly equipped 
rinderpest station and laboratory in order to pro- 
duce the serum. 
The bile method affords protection for three or 
four months and repetition is necessary ; the serum 
method also only gives temporary protection to 
healthy cattle, but it has been demonstrated that 
if cattle are inoculated with serum when deve- 
loping tlie disease as soon as the temperature rises 
more or less permanent protection is given. A 
mild attack is contracted and a great many 
animals recover, but some losses occur. 
The following are the details of the bile method 
which I published in 1898 (vide Ceylon Sessional 
Papers), and as far as I have gone with it— some 
one hundred cases — the results have been satis- 
factory. When properly and clearly carried out tlie 
cattle have not suti'ered any inconvenience and 
have returned to their work in about ten days. 
The Bile. — In a good percentage of fatal ca-ses 
of rinderpest the bile will be found good for the 
purpose of inoculation. It should be dark-greeu 
in colour, perfectly fluid, free from shreds of the 
lining inembrance of the gall-bladder, and from 
any odour of decomposition. A good number of 
instances occur where the bile is unfit for use, 
being yellow or dark-brown in colour, ropy in 
consistency, and containing shreds of the mucous 
lining of the gall-bladder. Such bile is poisonous 
and useless. The best bile is that obtained from 
an animal that has suffered severely from rinder- 
pest for some days, or better if it has succumbed 
to the disease. It must be taken before decom- 
position of the body commences. In instances 
where it has been good I have noticed it was very 
abundant in most c.ises, a half to one pint being 
easily obtained. 
Method of Taking the Bilk.— C4reat care 
must be taken in removing the bile in order t 
avoid coatamination by blood, or contents of th 
