March 1, 1899.] Supplement to the "Tropical Agriculturist. 
669 
permanent molars are in position, and any error of 
opinion as to age, which might arise from the 
permanent (or early) cutting of the central per- 
manent incisors, may be corrected by reference to 
the state of the molars. When the animal is a 
month or two over two years, the first and second 
(counting from the fi-ont) permanent molars take 
the places of the permanent teeth. From two 
years and three months or two years and six 
months, the second pair of broad, front, or incisor 
teeth, the middle permanent incisors, occupy 
the place of the corresponding temporary teeth 
in a.l cultivated breeds. Instances of late 
dentition present tlienaselves from time to time, 
in which the middle permanent incisors are 
not cut till the animal is ajiproaching three years 
old. There is consequently a po-sible variation of 
six months in the time of the appearance of these 
teeth. It must be undei'stood, in reference to the 
appearance of the second pair of broad teeth, that 
an exjiert, looking at a mouth which has four per- 
manent incisors, will conclude that the animal is 
two years and a-half old ; but if he is required to 
certify that the age is under or above that period, 
he must proceed to inspect the molar teeth, and 
take into account the animal's pedigree, its sex, 
and its general condition of development. If the 
animal in question is a bull, and has been forced to 
early maturity, it mny be expected that the second 
pair of pei manent incisors will be cut at two years 
and four months; and if either of the anterior 
(foremost) temporary molars remain in their places, 
the conclusion tliat the animal is under two years 
and a-half will be strengthened. Shortly after the 
fii'St and second molars aie cut, the third make? its 
appearance; occasionally it appears before the 
others, and the animal at the age of three years 
will have three anterior molars nearly level with 
the other teeth, but showing no signs of wear. 
The eruption of the third pair of permanent 
incisors may occur at any time between two years 
and six months and three years of age. 
The anterior molars, however, afford more re- 
liable evidence of tiie age between two and a-half 
and three years old than is fuini.~hed by the 
inci-ors. At three years of age the average con- 
dition of the teeth in cultivated breeds is — the 
fourth pair, or the corner permanent incisors, are 
well up, but they vary consider^ibly. In well-bred 
cattle I hey take the place of the tem])orary teeth 
soon after the wjinpletion of the third year. In 
well-lired bulls niey ai'e often present at two years 
a?ul ten months, while in some instances they are 
not cut till the animal is three years and nine 
months. Very liitle reliance indeed can be placed 
on the corner incisors, and the examiner is com- 
ji(>lled to refer to the molar teelh to correct liis 
opinion With tlie excei)tion of the corner per- 
manent incisors, the fourth pair of broad teeth, 
the i)ermanent dentition of tlie ox is completed, 
and alter this ]>eriod the changes in the form of 
the teeth from effects of attrition will assist the 
examiner in foiming an opinion of the age. — 
Fanner and Stockbreeder- 
TKLEGONY OK ATAVISM. 
{Concluded.) 
Of course, as has been already stated, it was the 
cin iims inaikiiigs on the hybrids that lirst led Pro- 
fessor lOwart lo take uj) reversion. The first 
hybrid obtained was the colt Eomulus,out of the 
Rum pony mare Mulatto, 12';i, He bore stripes, 
it, is true, but they did not correspond with tlie 
markings on the sire, being much more numerous, 
and those on the face had a different arch. Thi- 
opened up the question as to what animal he most 
closely resembled in his markings, and it was found 
to be the Somaliland zebra, the reputed common 
ancestor of the hor=e, widch was another triumph 
for reversion. But now we must turn to the subject 
of telegony pure and simple, and when we do so we 
iind that Professor Cossar Evvart carried out hisex- 
j)eiiments on a large scale. All the mares which 
bred to the zebra were maidens, except in the case 
of a dark-brown Slietlaiul mare which in 1896 iiad 
a foal toa Shetland stallion. The first hybrid, a-< 
already stated, was the colt Romulus, which is now 
three y^ears old and 12 hands high. He had spots 
instead of stripes on one part of liis body, whicli 
clearly taught that thestrijies had been derived by 
the union of spots. In 1897 Mulatto, the dam of Ro- 
mulus, had a grey colt foal to a grey Arab stallion, 
which at birth had a great many subtle marks which 
might have been attributed to a z.^braic " infection 
of tlie germ.'' This foal died, and an iiisjiection of 
the skin showed that what were considered stripes 
were in reality dispositions of the hair, which gave 
an impression at a distance of being dark-coloured 
stripes. If anything had happened, the mare had 
brerJ back to her own ancestors. There was S'lrae 
doubt of her having been affected by the zebra. 
Mulatto had no foal this year. A chestnut po'o pony 
mare had I wins this year to the zebra. One died, 
but the ot her is in many ways more a hor-'e than 
a zebra. A skewbald pony mare, white and brown, 
had a hybrid which was fairly well marked. She 
had a second foal toa bay Shetland ponj', and this 
foal in its colouring is almost exactly the same 
as the dam. There was no indication of ii'fection; 
it seemed to be a case of prepotency. Another 
Shetland dark-brown pony mare had a hybrid f>)al 
in 1887, and this year she had a foal to a Welsh 
pony stallion. This foal was exactly like the dam. 
She was the exception in not beinga maiden mate, 
so that there v,-ere thus the two kinds of mares — one 
which had borne a foal before being put to the 
zebra, and others which had not done so. Biddie 
an Irish mare, which had a hybrid foal in 1897, had 
this year a foal to the Thoroughbred stallion Tup- 
gill. Tiiis foal is also like the dam. A small 
Clydesdale mare had a foal toMato^io in 1897, and 
by him she had a second one this year. The second 
one was much liker the sire than the ftrst,'but tlie 
most inieresting thing was that over the hind 
quarters there was the striping of the zebra, 
and over that .the striping of the horse. This 
is ijie first time that the two kinds of stripes 
had been seen on a hybrid. The one striping 
was seen to be like those of Mulatto's second 
foal, and they were the stripes of the horse 
and not of the zebra. Having got the hybrids, 
it was not known but that they might be able 
to r :^i<t the attacks of the tse-tse lly which 
does so much damage to stock in Africa. 
With the object of linding this out, Professor 
Ewart secured from Cambridge a rat which had 
lieen inoculated with the germ which had been 
taken over from Africa in relays of animals, and 
was being Ijopt ali.'e nt Cambridge in rats. 
Three hybri'ls and a liorse were inociilale'l on 
