( 12 ) 
*• In the old texts — the Pitaka texts — vihara 
always means a cell. It cornea from viharati, 
' to dwell, to remain,' and meann a cell, or hut, 
because the Bliik»hu, dwelt, lemained there. In 
Ceylwn, howpver, and I believe also in Burniah, the 
^vord was extended to the whole of a religious 
site, so that dagaba, image-house, and cells, all 
to;^etlier, form a vihara. It is not ki own iv/icn 
this use of tlie word hegan ; probably very late, 
tenth or twelfth century A D." 
Fr;jiu this it will be evident that this Sanskrit 
word wlien u.sed in Siuliiilese arelia;ology mii.stbe 
uiiiierstood in a didercnt sjnse from what it is 
in India. Alreaily v.-e have a case of the same 
kind — what is known in India as a "Stupa" is 
always called a dagaba in Ceylon. Pan'ye/frt, ac- 
cording to Mr. Bell's glossary, is the Ceylon 
word tor a monk's re.sidence ; or Pansala, ironi 
pan, a " leaf, " and sain, a hall," or " house : " 
this last word is well enough known in India, 
for it was used to e.vpress tlje leafy bower to 
which a Brahman retired when he reached a cer- 
tain agi>, so that he might, in his last years 
prepaie himself in this world for absorption into 
the next. 
Mr. BLdI has son-c remarks' on the succession 
of animals wliicli occur on the moorrstones — moon- 
stones, it niay be explained, are large semicircular 
slabs nt the foot of steps leading to dagabis or 
iniage-liouses ; tlie animals are the elephant, lion, 
horse, and bull ; sometimes the hnnsa or goose 
ligurt s among them. This succession of animals 
appears also Oi'casionally in IJralnnanical archi- 
tecture. In reviewing Mr. Smither's work on 
AnuradhajHira, I pointed out that they were 
found in tiers or Inrge mouldings rDuml the ba.se 
of the temple at Hulhibid ; also, that they were 
known in Buddhist architecture, from Fa Hian's 
descripiion of the great roclc-cut monastery in the 
Dekhau. Mr. Bell is no doubt right in his iden- 
tification of these animals with those of the sacred 
Anotatta-vilrt lake. Lake Manasarovar, which is 
equally sacred with the Bralunans, and is probably 
the same as Anotatta-vila, has the four animals, 
and t'ley are the sources, or mouths, from which 
flow four rivers — the Indus, Satlej, Brahmaputra; 
and the Ghogra. It may also be accepted, as Mr, 
Bell suggests, (hat these four animals represented 
the four quarters, or the cardinal points. The 
Brahmanic mythology has four gods of the quar- 
ters ; in Egypt, the Four Genii of Amenta origi- 
nated from the four q.iarters; and the four cheru- 
• Journal, 1895, Vol. II. p. 456. 
bic forms were, in the Christian ctmrch, given 
the four evangelists; the reaMin for the four gos- 
pels being, according to Iremvus, that there were 
" four zones " in the world, and " four principal 
winds," which means the cardinal |.oir.tK. The»e 
foui creaturen, which bear iMjuie ieseiiil)lauce in 
the instances just given, may have iiad their firKt 
origin in the four quarters of the Zodiac, which is 
perhaps the most probable guej^s, but \\f may 
liave to waitfoi further knowleilge from cnneiforui, 
or even the <'arlier Akkadiuu iuMi ipiioiiH, brloiv 
anything like certainly can be iisi>n:nod on the 
subject. 
Iteport xiii, in addition to »onie details about 
Anuradhj)ura, contains an account of ''circuit, 
work," or a toar in the .North Cenf i:il Province, 
which gives us glimpses of tlie old buiufs or dams 
for storing water; their number and great fcize ex- 
plains the ample fertility which Ceylon at one 
time enjoyed wlien it was a proKperous conntij. 
As we may say it was the Nile, from the ferti- 
lity it produced, that built the pyramids and the 
vast temples of Egypt, so i' was tlic.'-e large 
artificial lakes that snppoitfd n great city like 
Annradhapura, aii(l constructed the extensive mon- 
asteries and huge dagab.as v.-hose very insgtiitiide 
aluiost defy Mr. Bell and his limited means to ex- 
plore them. Amongst these reserv oirs the Pada- 
viyavewa ha<l amongst its titles that of Maha Sagaia 
or "The Great Sea," and its size may be roughly 
gues.sed when it is stated that the emb iukmcnt 
which retained its waters was about three miles 
in length. This embankment, and others almost 
as large, have long ago had breaches in them, 
and tlie ground has been left i'l tlie c mdition of 
an unhealthy swamp, the abo'le of fevers and 
wild be.asts. WILLIAM SIMPSON. 
'Ceylon ARCF^.^;^I,o(il( al Slrvev.— We (Editor 
L.R ) have to call attention to the capable, well- 
informed Review by Mr. Win. ."iimps.jn of Mr. 
H. C. P. Bell's lieports on his Arclireological 
woik. The review ap))cars in the "Journal ol the 
Koyal Institute of British Arclutccts" and makes 
interacting reading. We are surprised, however, 
that Mr. Simpson in his e;iumeration of .stu- 
pendous remains in Burma and Java as veil as in 
Ceylon, makes no refeience to those of Cambodia. 
Mr. Simpson's speculation over the resemblance 
between certain temples in India and V'iharas in 
Ceylon is interesting. Perhaps Mr. Bell may have 
something to say on several questions raised in the 
review. 
