448 
THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, 1904. 
gnanabano, pear-shaped and eimilar in exterior to 
the pineapple, containing an acid palp, is used 
for preserves ; guayaba, a Tagalog bayabas, yellow- 
ish when ripe, is very aromatic as are also the 
leaves ; nangoa is perhaps ihe largest frait of its 
sort in the v?orId, is recognized by its aromatic 
and penetrating odor, and its ilesb is used for 
preserves and sweet-meats ; lanzou, perhaps the 
moat beaatiful finit grown in the r'hilippines, is 
like the lemon, containing five divisions, has a 
flesh almost transparent, sweetish sour, quite deli- 
cate, and is very refreshing ; lemons, seven varieties, 
two of which are of superior quality while the 
rest are worthless for commercial purposes; mabolo, 
aboat the size of a seedless California orange, 
has a flesh white and sweet, but it is somewhat 
indigestible; mampon, very similar to the mango 
for table use, preserves or sweetmeats ; mango ia 
one of the most exquisite fruits in the world, is 
from six to seven inches in length, flattened. It 
is naed as a food, while green or ripe, often being 
converted into preserves, jelly and marmalde, botn 
the fruit and the converted foods having an ex- 
quisite acid flavor ; mangosteea, an exotic fruit, 
grows only in Sulu and some points off Zamboanga 
and Cotabato, where it is greatly prized by 
Moro sultans, who call it the " King's fruit." 
Oranges of various species are foand in many 
portions of the islands ; papaya has two sexes, 
male and female, the former producing small 
white aromatic flowers, and the latter the fruit, 
which has an acid taste, and for table use is 
pickled or converted into a sauce with red 
peppers, spices, relishes and onions ; pineapples 
have flae acid flavors and are of good size ; rima, 
about the size of a child's, head, is a bulb com- 
posed of small female flowers, and its flesh is a 
Eubstantial food, when boiled or roasted and eaten 
with sugar or syrup ; santol is similar to the peacli 
but larger, and the zapote, also similar, are natives 
of Chins, but grown to a considerable exteut in 
the islands; tampoy, about the size of a seedling 
apple, soft and sweet, has an odor very like that 
of the rose and is quite eatable. Among the ma^s 
of wild fruits growing in the Philippines may be 
mentioned the doctoyan, pananquinan, durian, abnli, 
amahit, aiigiap, amaga, agonanan, dar, bouano, 
marobo, cabaan and daliusou. Ihese, in general, 
are sweet and sour, and somewhat carminitive. 
FORESTEY AND MINEEAiS. 
No part of the world has a finer display of 
foieetry than the Philippines, area considered. 
This is true not only iii variety but in quality 
and quantity. There are one hundred and eighty- 
one varieties that have merchantable value, that 
is, for building and cabinet purposes, and most of 
the forests covering millions of acres are virgin, 
having never been touched by axe or saw. 
Public forests of the Philippines are grouped 
into six classes for proper botanical and com- 
mercial survey. The tiist is the superior, with 
twelve species, including ipil and molave, both 
export woods ; the first group includes seventeen 
species, among them camphor, betis, malatapay 
and palmoris ; the second has forty-eight species, 
including alalangat and banuyo ; the third seventy- 
flve which includes abilo, balodo, calumpit, dao, 
labato, manga and pipi ; the fourth two hundred, 
and the fifth thirteen, with twenty varieties of 
palm, including the valuable areca, orauia bonga 
and caryota. This classification shows 665 varie- 
ties of timber, peculiar to the islands, fixing, too, 
the woods of economic or commercial value. 
Forest products, besides the woods for economic 
purposes, such as ship-building, general construc- 
tion and cabinet work, comprise a number of 
gnm-producing trees and medicinal and dye barks 
and plants, hitherto mentioned. Philippine hard 
)jY00Cl8 must come into cQuaiderable use in Atperica 
and Europe in the near future. Lumbermen of 
Manila say that narra, the mahogany of the 
Philippines, can be delivered in the United States 
at a much less price than it can from South 
America, and that its colorings for artistic work 
are superior to the woods that come from the 
south part of the Western Hemisphere, hence are 
even more valuable. 
The forests of the Philippines are one of their 
great sources of natural wealth. That the forests 
of the islands might be protected, a Forestry 
Bureau was created, April 14, 1900, and reorganized 
under acts of the Civil Commission in June and 
July, 1900. 
PINE-APPLE HIBEIDIZATION. 
EXPERIMENTS AT HOPE BOTANIC GARDENS, JAMAICA, 
The superior qualities of the Ripley-varietiee aa 
to flavour, and the excellent qualities of the Smooth 
Cayenne as to large size and weight, sood keeping 
and ability to bear long transport, gave rise to 
the idea that if the two varieties could be crossed 
the hybird product would most likely partake of 
the mixed qualities of both parents. This process 
in horticulture is known as cross-pollination or 
cross-fertilisation. It is the method whereby nu- 
merous fruits — apples, pears, grapes, etc, have been 
produced. It is well known to horticulturists that 
very many cross-seedlings may be produced without 
much success as to the desired result of producing 
a better plant. It is recounted that many thousands 
of worthless grape-seedlings have been giown before 
one good or better grape-vine could be established. 
Hence the value of, and even necessity for, trials 
on a numerically extensive scale. At Hope, during 
the present year, it is gratifying to observe that 
these operations are on a scale at least large 
enough to deserve if not indeed to command success. 
The botanical name of the pine-apple plant (Ananasan 
sativaj denotes its growth from seeds: but in 
practical cultivation the plant is multiplied, true 
to its variety, by means of offsets, which have 
received special names ; thus an offset from between 
the leaves of the plant is inappropriately called a 
■'sucker;" those from the stem near the base of 
the fruit are called slips ; the prolonged stem 
passing through the fruit bears an elegant grouping 
of foliage called appropriately a crown. When the 
crown is double or is surrounded by numerous 
buds called cockscombs, the fruit becomes unsale- 
able as choice fruit, and these faulty frnits are 
called monsters. All these various offsets have the 
same physiological character ; they are all axillary 
buds or phjtons, and all may be employed in re- 
producing the parent-plant true to the original 
variety. 
The process of rearing a plant by cross fertilisalioa 
makes it imperative that the reproduction shall be 
by seed. How the seed of new quality is to be 
obtained may be thus explained : — When in flower 
the pine-apple presents a cone of flowers all com- 
pacted together, just as the fruit is made up of a 
congeries of single fruits compacted together in th^ 
fruity cone which constitutes the pine. 
THE FEKTILISING PROCESS. 
The flower of the pine-apple is both staminate and 
pistillate ; that is to say, it contains six stamens and 
one pistil; it is thus a flower which is readily ferti- 
lised by simple agencies. Artificially, these agencies 
have to be controlled. The proposition is to remove 
all simple agencies from action upon the flowers of 
the Eipley. This is done by cuttiog out the stamens 
from all the blossoms of the Bipley before the 
anthers have ripened their pollen and by protection 
from external agencies by wrapping up the flower- 
head with fine gauze. Then the maturity of the 
stigma forming the summit of the pistil is watched 
for, At the proper moment pollen-dast from (bQ 
