THE TROPICAL AORIdULtURlST. [July i, 1891. 
an essential oii is usually Bufficienfe to render the 
sale of the new product unremimeraHve, as anyone 
knows who is acquainJed with the who'esalo markets. 
Oils of lavender, eucalyptus, peppenmut, Keraumm, 
clove, roB6, petitgrain. to uiei.tioa ouly a tew at 
random, are already diBtilled in quantitiea which 
would render any further oompetili..n ruinous. 
We have no desire to tliesnade Ooloni^il planters or 
intending iiivtBturi> of capital in Oolouial enttrpris. 8 
from carrjius oat their inteatioija ; we only ask Ih.t 
they should coiit;ider tho posaihility of aQdiiig a marktt 
for their product before they lay out then- phiubitioiiB. 
Otherwise it is clear that within a few years the 
produce markets oS tha world will bo flooded «ilh 
merchandise hom the newly-acquired or commercially 
rovivod colonies in all part! ol the -world, tor which 
there will be no outler, and tbe diBsstcra of the 
cinchima aud whellac markets must inevitably be 
repeated on a larger scilo than bef ire. _ 
All this is but too true ; but we faar it is only 
preaching to deaf ears. Eaoh man, as in the oaaa 
of religious teaohiiig, generously hands over the 
lesson to his uc-igabour, buo cannot admit the 
personal refetenoe to himself 1 
rtant 
WHAT WE DRINK. 
More and more beer; steady in our use of distilled 
spirits and wine; raiher leisa ot coffee and tea 
compared with past jeirs. This is an impjr 
stu ij-, ior it has a direct bearing upon the pnysicai 
and »uoial con^iition of the people. A eimple pre 
sentadou of the figures is bo fo-xioie as to require 
little comment. And here they are : 
FEB CAPITA OONSUMPTION. 
Tear- 
1800 
1889 
1888 
1887 
188tj 
1885 
1884 
1883 
1882 
1881 
Beer. 
Galls. 
13.66 
12.72 
lii.8U 
12.a3 
11.20 
10 62 
1U.71 
1U.-7 
10.1.3 
8.C.5 
Spirits. 
Coffee. 
Tea. 
Galls. 
Lbs. 
Lbs. 
1.10 
7.90 
1.34 
1.32 
9.20 
1 .oO 
1.2G 
6.89 
1.36 
1.21 
8.36 
1.46 
1.26 
9.20 
1.35 
1.26 
9.4.5 
1.15 
1.48 
9.16 
1.10 
1.16 
8.3 
1.28 
1.40 
8.2.T 
1.46 
1.3i 
8.23 
1..54 
The decrease in the' per capita cunsnmptidn of coffee 
during the past four jeiirs, as compared with ths: foar 
years V--8i 86, is 'lua to tne incr^ns-d cost of the article-. 
Not'.vifctista tiding tea has been cheap, it is not as freely 
used as it was ten years >igo. On the other hand, the 
use of beer steadily increases from year to year, leaping 
within ten years from 8-65 to 13 66 gallons per capita. 
This meant, in 1890. the use of 855,792,335 gallons, all 
except 2,716,601 gidloua of domestic manufacture. The 
present coni-umption of foreign wines is only about one- 
half tbe qufjutiiy, is compared with the qu/.niity used 
daring the period 1870-74. The us-, of d .m' suo wines 
has advanced from an avetageo' ab mt 20,000,000 gal- 
lons in 1878 82 to aboui 30,000,000 gallons aonually for 
the piKt three j eai s. 
Tue c^nauratrs of the United S'.ates paid at retail lor 
the year 1890, tho following Hum for drink : 
Malt and spirituous liquors §900,000,000 
An increase of $200,OO0,0UO in four years 
Coffee ... ... 122.500,000 
rpgjj 30,000,000 
$1,062,500,000 
Here is spent for beveragf s over one billion dollars 
annuiUy, or about the amount expended by the last 
OongresH. Think of it... two thousand .millions per 
annuiQ for be^T, whiiik iy. "i ff 'e, tea and ft Congress. 
Truly we are a gro.^t people ! I 
Tlie 'i 'vernmeut derivps a revenue of |107,000,000 
from hijuor, whi'di is 1^26,000,000 less than is required 
topay i)')'jKioiiH. It looki lik'j robbing Peter to pay 
i'aul,— .4v(s/ »c«« Grocer, 
VALENTIN'S HISTORY OF COFFEE. 
( Concluded from jpage 5.) 
Part V. 
Oofi'ee houses at Constantinople for the acoortaoda- 
tion or Siilors — In .spity of Mandates aud Edicts, the 
Coffee Kettle is still "si'igmg on the hearth" snd 
the Turks are sipping away Coffee like mad — It a 
'I'urkish V. ife did not get a quantum suff: of Coffee 
slie was entitled to sue her Lord for a divorce — People 
f rank and fashion and their Guuymedes — Their 
Silver Trnys and Gold Cups — A few drop.s of the 
Bssenco ot Amber or Clove givj an agreeable odour 
to OcfEae — Montr. Ihevenot makes a Coffee Patty in 
Paris in 1657, and invites hia frienis — Of the Vene- 
tians who are suppos d to have been the first Cof- 
fee bi bers among-t European Nations — Petro dade 
Vilie once more — ul the D'-uggistS of Mariedles wbo 
carried on a roariny trade with thi\ Ej^yptians — How 
certain Coffee Houses were established in that rising 
Tdvvu, aud how c rtam Meichai s aiid Brokers dis- 
cussed Commercial matters and enjoyed their Pipes 
therein — HoviJ certain Doctors and Pi.ysicians made 
auotber foolish attempt to suppress the nse of Coffee 
and most signally failed — The probable supposition 
that Coffee was first introduced intj Paris by Soii- 
man Aga aud bis llKtiuiie in the Keign of Louis 
XLV — aud lastly how the said iSoliman Agi sought 
an audience, which was vouchsafed to hioi by the 
French Monarch after a delay of only six months. 
•'Whilst Mr. G.jlland was still in Oocstantinople 
there were 2 or 3 Coflfoe houses at Gjlata for ihe 
accommodation of the Sailors in particula'-, though 
tnere were many more houses in the other Towns o£ 
the Turkish Empire, which were for the most part 
frequented by People of learning and rank. 
The Order or IVlandate from Constantinople had 
the effect of bringing aboat only a more extensive 
use of Coffee in the other Town?, so much so, that 
it was taken twice a day by stransiers ; and besides, 
the Coffee kettle used to be kept in constant readi- 
ness by some in order to be obla io offer to visi- 
tors a single cup at lea^t. The custom was carried 
to such ail extreme, that the nou-preseutmy of a 
cup of Coffee, or of its retu^nl when offoied was 
considered as indicative of a gieat waut ot c:.urte-y. 
Some spent on (Joffee as much money perhaps as 
wouid have pud for their Wi: e in Pans or okc- 
where; and whtit was more txtraorJinary was, that 
if a husband did not provide his wife with a quantum 
sufficit of Coffee, this was considered sufficient to 
entitle her to tue for a divorce. 
People of rank and station here, have a specinl 
Oup bearer or Kahvehgi, and Overseir over Coffee 
who is stationed in a certain apartment near the hall 
where they generally receive company. 
In serving out this beverage, it is first presented 
to strangers, and Listly tho owner of the house, ei- 
ceptiug when the Grand Vizier eutertiins EnvoiS at 
Coffee. On such occasions he drinks simultaneously 
with his guests. Tue non-presenting o£ Coffee, indi- 
cates a, want of friendly feeling, and is commonly 
regarded as one of those things likely to lead to a &/-eac^ 
of the peace. 
Hero Coffee is eeived out; upon a varnished or Silver 
Tray or Salver capable of holding from 12 to 20 
Cups which the wealthier classes get partially mounted 
with silver. 
Their Cups are somewhat larger than onrs, but they 
never fill them to overflowing. 
They take it very hot without any sugar, but rather 
strong. At Court a few drops ot the essence of Amber 
are added to each Cup, and sometimes a bit or two 
of Cloves or Oardamou or some Indian Aniseed which 
impirt a very agreeable odour to the Cofiee. 
That well known Traveller Mr. Thevenot, was the 
first who introduced the use of Coffee into Paris on 
his return homewards from his first trip in 1657, when 
lie euteriaine 1 some of hia particular ftiead.sand treated 
them to a dish of Coffee. 
