OCTOBER I, 1891.] 
THE TROPICAL AQRSOULTURIST 
287 
daring the direct sales of bark by one or two planta- 
tions to certain European quinine-makers tc be opposed 
to the interests of tho commnuity. What the Java 
plantfrs aim at, and what they may possibly aconm- 
plieh with a good man at their head, and effective 
Government assistance, is shown in a recent declara- 
tion of one of their number. "Even if we uo not 
get our factory here," s lid that suihority, " we shall 
knock the Europetm quinine epeculntors on the head. 
In that case we eha'l form a syndicate, which will 
regulate the whole of the bark esrpoits from this island. 
Bark will only be sold to the European quinine manu- 
facturers on condition that they sh'tll turn over all the 
quinine sulphate prepared from it to a European 
syndicate, which will take care of the sale of qui/iine. 
The by-products the quinine manufacturers may sell 
without interference. The quinine syndicile will havo 
iin agent in every country of the world. That 
Bgeut will in turn control the prnvircial agents, 
who, where the law of the country allows it will sell 
quinine and qainiue preparations of every description 
directly to the pu'dic, and, where that is not per- 
mitted, will uee retailers a? middlemen. The Bruus- 
wick factory, the arch enemy, will be altogether ex- 
cluded from dt/aling with the sy indicate, and the other 
works are to be expressly prohibited from felling any 
surplus bark to this concern. The profits r.'ill be 
divided amouf; the planters in r-.tio of the quinine 
value of their bark. 
The scheme seems a somewhat fantastic one, and 
if it is attempted to put it into execution it is sure 
to meet with a determined opposition from mauy 
quBrterd. But as the Java j 'autcrs now control tho 
bulk of the rich manufacturing btrks, and some of 
their Indian and South American c lUeagues will no 
doubt be anxious to co-operate in the scheme if fai? 
terms are offered to them, it would be rash to 
prophesy its entire impracticability. — Cliemist and 
Dniqijist. 
THE PREPARATION OF VEGETABLE 
TALLOW IN CHINA. 
In a recently-issued report by Mr. Consul Hosie on 
the trade of Winchow, he thus refers to vegetable 
tallow from Stilliugia sebifera, which he says occa- 
sionally appears as an import, hvX more frequently 
as an export. The tree is largely cultivated near 
Wencho, and still more widely within the Ch'u-ohou 
Prefecture to the west. It is not, perhaps, generally 
known that the fruit cf this tree produces oil as well 
as tallow. The berries, which resemble cofiee-beans 
in appearance and size, are first steamed and then 
pounded in an ordinary rice-trough. By pounding, 
the soft mealy mesocarp is partially separated from the 
kernels, the whole is then placed in a bamboo-sieve, 
the meshes of which are just large enough to allow 
the mealy matter to be scrublsed through, and 
small enough to keep back the kernels, which are hard, 
black, and about the size of Peas. From the mealy 
matter the tallow is expressed in primitive wooden 
presses. The oil is derived from the kernels in the fol- 
lowing manner : — They are dried and jiassed between 
two millstones, held at such a distance apart, by 
means of a Bamboo pivot, as to crush the hard 
shells of the kernels without injuring the white in- 
terior. The whole is then passed through a winnower, 
which separates tlie broken shells from the solid 
matter ; the latter is then placed in a deep iron pan, 
and roasted till it begins to assume a brownish 
colour, the process being accompanied by continuous 
stirrini; to prevent burning. The crushed shells 
make an excellent fuel for this purpose. It is next 
ground by a huge stone roller in a circular stone 
well steamed, made into circular cakes with Bam- 
boo and straw casings, and passed through the 
wooden press. A good lighting oil, called "Ch'ing 
yu.'' of a lirownish-yellow colour, is thus obtained. 
Tho tallow is called "p'iyu;" that is, skin or 
external oil. — dardaners' Chroitide. 
Java and the Quinink Maukkt. — At a meeting of 
thi Sockuboeiui (.lava) Agrioulluriil Assooiatiou, on 
July 14lh, the directors oommunioati-d t!ie result 
oi careful iuvestigalious on the subject of the prob- 
able supply of quinine from Java bark during the 
years 1892 and 1893. The information 13 based 
upon the replies to circular letters sent by the aaso- 
ciatiou to all the Java cinchona planters. In only a 
very few instanoea were replies withheld, and in 
nearly all these the assooiatioD, though its relations 
with neighbouring planters nr financial houses, 
succeeded in obtaining the desired information. If 
all the plantations in Java were uprooted, the re- 
sulting produoo would represent 710,000 kilos 
(= about 25,000,030 oz.) quinine sulphate- That, 
of course, would be the end of the Java cinchona 
industry. The equivalent of quinine sulphate in the 
estimated bark exports from Java is as follows : — 
1891, 137,000 kilos (i, 830,000 oz.) ; 1892, 151,188 
kilos. (5,310,000 oz.) ; 1893, 155,175 kilos (5,490.000 
oz) Tlie inurease, therefore will be proportionately 
smalk-r than during the part four years, when 
the bark sold at the Amsterdam auctions repre- 
sented :— Quinine sulphate, 1887, 33,740 kilos. ; 
18S8, 47,431 kilos. ; 1889, 77,090 kilos. ; 1890, 
121,420 kilos. The great increase in the sales of 
bark at Amsterdam in 1890 is due partly to the 
fact that the direct shipments of Java bark to 
London were smaller in that year than in former 
years, and partly to the uprooting of several 
plantations. At present seven plantations are 
about to be uprooted. — Chemist and Dnu/gist. 
OKVLON EXPOUTS ANE DISTRIBUTION, 189 
P'bago 
1891 
cwt. 
0 0 -M t- 
10 0 0 Til CO GO 
t- :o5 :o : ; ; : : ;(ncoc^ : : : ; 
» -Ki .5; !2 • ■ • • 
fH r-i 
289619 
276051 
309802 
185514 
i 
8 
1890 
cwt. 
40034 
10895 
1161 
5007 
10459 
10 
2061 
700 
66870 
1213| 
383221 
81 
40010 
305419 
216750 
219105 
278656 
109993 
10998 
2507 
3002 
15828 
5612 
10.01 
78864; 
13551 
74735 
33 
1433 ) 
58) 
C'moms.' Cinnamon. . 
Chips 
lb. 
148197 
3370 
25380 
93520 
68800 
10026 
339295 
281872 
365993 
3849691 
Bales 
lb. lb. 
748521 
2100 
36000 
103400 
266165 
88800 
61000 
24272 
5200' 
470U0 
60368 
1442826 
1304036 
1777473 
12.36240 
000 OS CD 0 CO 0 
0 Ci 00 Oi 0 
0 0 : ; : ; : : : o '-o ; w ; : 
CO "-O 
<M 05 ^ 
W CO t-«. 
0 t-^ QD 00 
.-1 ?o 0 0 
:^ C>4 CM 
Cocoa. 1 
1 
vo as 00 CO 31 
-*< 10 .... , . . 
: 
t- CO 
ifj i-. tr- 
— CO 
^ <— --H 0 
Tea. v 
1891 
lb. 
47408485 
.50159 
85 
11043 
72917 
2280 
710 
U230 
12675 
300 
2961 
302525 
2399732 
141512 
60634 
114171 
3124 
39925 
00 OS as -f 
cr. cn M to 
ca ui ju 
-n oj lO 
CO -X> lO 
50 ira CO 
0 Ttl 5» 
iC CO 'M i-H 
ce 
:1 
0 
J3 
u 
n 
0 
f: 
0 
0 
m§ 
r-t U 
'a 
0 
CO CD ^ OJ 
CO CO CO r-l I— 
<xi ; CI ; <N :o : : : ; 
CO 
U3 CD OU 
C^l CO 0 03 
OS ^ OS 
.-^ .10 OS 
0 «o -« 00 
'X- l>- 00 
CO»fSCO»OCO OC^^-^Mi-IUSlC 
coo.-tco.-i »ra icoc50t.-aoco>ra 
oj (N..fl ; : : : cooo« rn 
^ . . . - -JH 
68203 
68857, 
607061 
11.3325 1 
N'tive 
^ CO 0 0 Ci 00 
10 0 .f3 CO -at 
• ; '.'0;:;;: ^t^i;;:! 
U3 0 
35 -if 
Plan- 
tation 
49988 
4664 
18 
179 
113 
1533 
7143 
204 
72 
81 
155 
OS -f -f 0 
OS CO 30 
-* -x) -x; 00 
•.0 to 0 
CO UN TRIES . 
To United Kingdom 
,, Austria 
„ Belgium 
„ France 
„ Holland 
„ Italy 
„ Kussia 
„ Spain 
„ Sweden 
,, Turkey 
,, India 
„ Australia 
A^nerica ... ... 
„ Africa 
„ China 
„ Singarore ... 
,, Mauri tins ... ... 
Total Exports from Ist Jan. 
to 28th Sept. 1891 
Do 1890 
Do 1889 
Do 1888 
