353 
EECENT PUBLICATIONS. 
Description et Einploi des Eucalyptus Introdaits en 
Surope Pi-incipalement en France et en Ahjerie. Second 
Memoire. Chai-les Naudin. Antibes, 1891, pp. 1-72. 
The first memoir published by Monsieur Naudin 
upon the Eucalyptus cultivated in Europe appeared 
in 1883. Sines that time the veteran French botanist 
has continued his investigations, and has been able 
to study a much larger niunber of species in the 
garden of the Villa Thuret, over which he p];esides, 
and in vi'hich he has brought together the largest 
collection of these trees which lias been formed ; 
and in the present paper he arranges fifty-six of 
them in synoptical tables according to the shape of 
the leaves, the flowers and the fruit, so that the cul- 
tivator of these trees will be able now much more 
readily than ever before to determine the different 
species, which have always proved extremely diliicult 
to understand from the fact that many of them appear 
entirely different in their juvenile and adult states, 
producing at first leaves of one sort and then later in 
life leaves of an entirely different shape and 
character. To overcome this difiioulty in the study 
of the genus Monsieur Naudin has made a special 
Eucalyptus herbarium, in which are represented all 
the species cultivated in Europe, by specimens taken 
at different periods of their growth, and showing all 
the different stages through which they pass from youth 
to maturity. In these studies it may be mentioned 
that Monsieur Naudin has brought to light among 
the plants cultivated at Antibes no less than thirteen 
undesoribed species, now first made knov/n in this 
memoir, a fact wliich shows the value of arboreta and 
the importance of studying trees in a living state, where 
different species can be compared with each other 
and their differences noted. 
A few brief extracts from the general considerations 
which form the first part of this work will be in- 
teresting, perhaps, to onr readers, especially as differ- 
ent species of Eucalyptus are destined to play, it seems, 
an important part in the future of California, where 
many of then have long been successfully grown. 
" The most interesting things," Monsieur Naiidin 
remarks, "about tlie genus from the cultural point of 
view, is the rapidity with which certain species grow, 
a rapidity wliich is uuequaled by any of our native 
trees, and the quantity of wood valuable for manu- 
facturing purposes and for fuel which they can pro- 
duce in a comparatively short time. To this advantage 
possessed by these trees must be added that of being 
able to support themselves much farther south than 
most of our forest-trees of Europe, even to the 
southern limits of the Algerian Sahara, although the 
region in wliich tliey can be cultivated is extremely 
restricted on the north. There are certain species, how- 
ever, natives of Tasmania and of the high moun- 
tains of southern Australia, which will succeed beyond 
the Mediterranean region, and which can be cultivated 
on the Atlantic coast as far north as Brittany, and 
■ even in the south-west of England. In countries with 
warm and humid climates, especially in equatorial 
regions at the sea-letel, the introduction of the 
Eucalyptus has so far been a failure. There is reason 
to bdlieve, however, that there are certain species of 
the intertropical regions of Australia and of tlie Ma- 
laysian Islands which might be expected to succeed 
even in the tropica. More than a hundred species 
are now known, and it is easy to understand that 
from this number there is a considerable choice to be 
made, according to the usages for which they are in- 
tended. Most of the species are forest-trees, some 
reaching in a comparatively short time a colossal size. 
Their principal value, then, is the production of timber, 
although the value of their wood for fuel is almost as 
{jreat — a quality which will be appreciated in countries 
whoro the absence or high cost of coal is a serious 
obstacle to the production of metals or to the use of 
Btcain-en'^ines. 
" Tw.) spo.'io,-! may bo distinguished among all the 
others liir tlu; i ;i,pi.lity with which they reach a large 
sine; th^'so arc /:'. n.m\ E. Mtiileri ; and they 
grow much more rapiilK than any of the natise trees 
of liluropc. In twent y umi s tiiese trees attain to the 
size and heiglit of an Oak alumdrod years old. Other 
species, without growing as ritpidly, are siill romurk- 
able for the short time they require in which to grow 
to a size large enough to produce valuable material. 
Such species are li. diversicolor, E. marr/inata, E. 
crehra,^ E. hotnjoidcs, E. robusta, E. leucoxijlon, E. 
Crxmnii, E. viminalis, E. rudis, E. corynoealix, E. 
rostrata, _ E. gomphocepliala, E. cornuta, E. arapUfolia, 
E. tereticorhis, and E. pohjanthema. The wood of some 
of these species is e.xceedingly heavy, and might be 
used to advantage for blocks for paving the streets 
of cities." 
" Tlie climate is not all that is necessary to insure 
the successful cultivation of Eucilyptus. The char- 
acter of the soil is important. Many species, it is 
true, are not particular in this respect ; others, on the 
contrary, are apparently very fastidious, and if tho 
soil is not suitable to them they grow badly or soon 
die outright, either immediately after the seed has 
germinated or in the course of a year or two after- 
ward. It is difScult to say with our present know- 
ledge v/hat they need, although experience seems to 
sh ow that granite or sandstone soils suit them, as 
may be seen on the shores of Provence, where such 
soils are the most common. It is also necessary 
that the soil in which they are planted should be 
well cultivated and freed of other aboresccnt vege- 
tation. The Eucalyptus cannot bear the neighboui-- 
hood of other trees, disputing the possession of the 
ground and depriving them of the light of the sun. 
When it is attempted to grow them in the shade, 
they become drawn up and give unsatisfactory re- 
sults. No Eucalyptus can grow on land impregnated 
with salt, and they all suffer when planted so near 
the sea that salt spray reaches their leaves. Bright 
light and a free circulation of air is indispensable 
to these trees, two conditions made necessary by 
the large amount of water evaporated from their 
leaves, for it is well known ths^t the Eucalypti ex- 
hale a large quantity of water drawn from the soil 
drained by their roots. Certain species, particularly 
those which grow naturally in the most arid re- 
gions subject to long droughts, store water in their 
roots and in the lower part of their trunks, which 
are sometimes enlarged into a sort of bulb, and 
from which they draw the water necessary for their 
existence during periods of excessive drought. It is 
useless to hope that arid rocky hills can be covered 
with forests of large Eucalyptus, which require for 
their rapid growth an abundance of soil." 
"The seeds of Eucalyptus may be planted at 
different periods of the year, according "to regions 
and climates. With us the best time is the spring 
—in March, April or May— for if the seed is sown 
at that time, the young plant will have sufficient 
strength to support the cold of the following winter. 
In forming a plantation of Eucalyptus, it is of prime 
necessity to decide upon the object to be attained, 
that the species m.ay be selected best suited to 
accomplish it. If, for example, it is desired to obtain 
timber in as short a time as possible, E. (flobulus, 
E. Mulled or E. gomphocephcda should be planted. If 
very heavy wood is desired, then E. manjinata, E. 
rostrata and especially E. polyantlierna should be used. 
If it is a question only of obtaining handsome trees 
for the decoration of parks or avenues, one would 
choose naturally the species most remarkable for the 
beauty of their growth, for the dense shade cast by 
leaves and by their abundant flowers, such as. B. 
rohusta, E. carnuta, E. hotryodics or E. leucoxylon." 
These short extracts will give, perhaps, an idea of 
the scope and character of Monsieur Naudin's con- 
tribution to dendrological science. For the full account 
of the Eucalyptus, as known in Europe, however, 
wo must refer our readers to the paper itself, which, 
it seems to us. might with great advantage be re- 
printed m this country for the benefit of the rapidly 
increasing class of people whose homes are in south- 
ern California, where tho cultivation of these trees 
13 every year becoming a more important industry. 
— Garden and Forest. 
THE INDIARUBBER TREE. 
To the Editor of Garden and Forest. 
Sir,— Refen-ing to the article upon tho India- 
rubber tree published iii ygiu,- issue ol Ngvcmtiej lath, 
