534 THIE TROMCAL AQRIOULTURIST. [February i, 1892. 
English capitalists on whom enterprize in Brazil 
has bean and is so largely dependent. Of course 
matters may soon settle down, and a strong go- 
vernmsnt may re-establish peace and order. But 
we confess our fears preponderate over our hopes ; 
and we suspect that the world must look beyond 
Braail for much of its supplies of coffee. 
THE DUTCH MARKET. 
. Amsterdam, Nov. 27th. 
The cmchona auotionfi to be held in Amsterdam on 
December 17tb, 1891, will consist of 5,752 packages 
(5,365 bales and 387 cases), about 498 tons, divided as 
follows : from Government plantations, 290 bales 75 
oases, about 28 tons ; from private plantations, 5,075 
bales 312 cases, about 470 tons. This quantity contains 
of Druggists ftar^—Succi rubra quiils, 2 bales 281 cases ; 
broken quills and chips, 95 bales 15 cases ; root, 75 
bales, Manufachiiing Jarfc— OfBcinalis quill?, 52 cases ; 
broken quills and chip3,83 bales ; root 31 bales. Ledg- 
erisna quills, II bales 39 cases; broken quills and 
chips, 3,719 bales ; root; 1,027 bales. Hybrid broken 
quills and chips, 255 bales ; root, 67 bales, T .tal, 5,365 
bales 387 casee. The dates of the Amsterdam cinchona 
Bales ml892 have been fixed as folio vs :— January 21st, 
February 25tb, March 31et, May 5th, June 9th, July 
14th, August 25tb, September 29th, November 3rd, 
December 8th.— Chemist and Druggist. 
«. 
TEA PLANTING IN THE WYNAAD. 
We have been favoured with some particulars of 
tea planting in the Wynaad which promise well for 
the development of a future tea industry in that 
district, where a good deal of tea has been planted 
during the past two years. The plants thrive well, 
and the variety that has been selected for cultivation 
is highly spoken of. The following is a report and 
valuation by a Colombo broker on tea grown on the 
Eichmond estate at Pundalur, in the Wynaad, planted 
in 1889, and forwarded 20 miles to the Neddivutturo 
tea factory for manufoctare: — 
Obange Pekoe.— Black bright golden tips, good 
style and appearance, wiry, well twisted leaf. London 
value, Is 8d to 2s. 
Beoebn Pekoe.— Black flakey fannings ; style, tippy 
good appearance. London value 9d; 
Pekoe. — Black, rather bold, rather even, wiry, 
well twisted leaf, tippy, good appearance. Loudon 
value 9d. 
Pekoe Souchons.— Blackish, greyish, rather open 
little iiattifh leaf, little wiry, some ends. London 
valued 8d to 9d, 
Ddst. — Black brownish flakey tippy fannings. Locdon 
value 7d to 8d, 
Feumbntation, bright, even, coppery. 
Liquor. — Strong full pungent. 
These teas are very well made, and bright infusions. 
Fermentation very nice, 
(Signed) A, M. Gbpp, 
Colombo, November 30lh. 
A Ceylon planter gives the following opinion on 
these teas : — " I have examined and tasted jour 
' Richmond ' samples. They are fine teas, good 
strength end flavoury, though the latter is quite 
different to any flavoury teas I have tasted grown in 
Ceylon : fhoy taste more like Darjeeling tfas. If 
you nan make such teas in Wynaad it is a good look- 
out. The appearance of the leaf is not first-clasi, 
the leaf being too grey. The Orange Pekoe is, how- 
ever, handsome ; the B, P. is very broken and flakey, 
Kecently the market has wanted more leafy and 
less Broken Pekoe. The fermentation is first rate, 
and I shall be very interested to know what these 
teas fetch in Locdon. I could not value them uuless 
I know something of the size of the brcak^, but they 
should average Is 3d to Is 4J per lb. if the propor- 
tions of Orango Pekoe and Broken Pekoe are right. 
In fact, I think this a low valuation.'' 
Mr. \V. M, Staudon, who manufactured these teas, 
^BB e^preesed himself about tbem iu the following 
terms : — " With adequate machinery, anything over 
7d per lb. means profit, and 4d per lb profit on a 
yield of only 450 lb. per acre means £7 10 per acre 
per annum. I do not believe any amount of over pro- 
duction will hurt the growers of this ola»8 of tea, for 
long before they could suffer an appreciative reduction 
in value, half the estates in India and Ceylon would 
be ruined, I firmly believe that there is a great 
fuluro for tea in the Wynaad. Tea of good Jat still 
affords an excellent investment." We may mention 
that the average value of ludian and Ceylon tea is 
about 9d —3r. Mail. 
[The bunkum about half the estates in India 
and Ceylon being ruined, before such teas as Mr. 
Standen has manufactured being over-ptoduced, 
simply proves the man's own silly egotism, — Ed. 
T.A.] 
4> 
MR. A. SCOTT BLACKLAW ON AGRI- 
CULTURAL ENTERPRISE AND CON- 
NECTED TOPICS IN BRAZIL. 
CorrEE AND OTHEE CULTIVATION IN EIBEIBaO PBETO — 
ILEX PAEAGTJAIENSI8 — EAIl^WAY EXTENSIONS — EUBO- 
PEAN IMMIOEATION — DEECEIPTION OF THE COUNTEY 
AROUND, 
Rio, Oct, 15. 
Riheirdo Preto. — I mentioned before that ooSee 
planting was begun here some twelve years ago. 
Our late lamented friend G, A. Crttwell and the 
writer passed through parts of this same district in 
1876, At that time there was very little talk of 
land being bought here for planting coffee, and 
there was not such a town as the now important 
" Eibeirao Preto " which numbers at present some 
8,000 inhabitants in existence. 
We noted at the time of our visit (1876) some 
very nice ooSee patches near some of the native 
huts, and we observed that the soil was of superior 
quality. It was very forcibly impressed on our mind, 
that what was called virgin forest was of a low short 
kind, with very few of the great giants, unless of the 
fig-tree species, which grows very fast. 
The district at that time had tlae name of being 
feverish, and the climate was thought too cold for 
coffee. Some plantations had been opened on a 
small scale in the sixties, but the great frost of 
1871 had killed all the trees, and thus damped the 
prospect of future pioneers. At the time we passed 
this any quantity of land could have been brought 
for very little money. 
The lands were in possession of people who had 
deoended from the great highlands of Brazil, in the 
Province of Minas Geraea some years before. 
Originally the lands were granted to leading half- 
caste — mixed desendants of Portuguese and Indian — 
families by the Portuguese Government before the 
independence. The blocks were given and the area 
counted in so many square leagues, and called 
" Seismarias." The seismeia, as the grantee was 
called, was by his title obliged to have a house on, 
and cultivate a certain quantity of the land and 
houses were thus few and far batweeu. It was from 
these first settlers, that the invading " mineiro " 
from the north obtained these large blocks. 
These pieces of land were not always bought, and 
if a sale were made at nil, it was of only a small 
piece, and the occupier of the small piece encroached 
on his neighbour's land. 
" The good old rule sufficed them, the simple plan 
That tbey should take who had the power. 
And tliey should keep who can." 
Some good honest men did however pay for their 
1 and, and one family in particular to whom the 
writer was afterwards introduced, consisting 'of a 
widow and some three or four stalwart sons, were 
living— at the time we allude to (1876)— on 360,000 
