6i6 THE TROMCAL AGRIOULTURjST, 
that in oonstructing the above tab'e the relative 
value of the different samples has been stated, 
because the market value is liable (o var'uition, 
Bouordinp; to the demand and supply. The above figures 
are qaite sufficieut to show the importance o£ pur- 
chasing shoddy upon the basis of analysis — as the 
ammonia is shown to vary from 8'8o in tho beat 
sample to 3'13 in the worst, whioh ia really shoddy 
dust oontaininf; much dirt. The relative value being 
in the formpr £3 6 4d. per ton, delivered at station, as 
against £1 3s. 5d. iu the latter. The farmer, therr-forc, 
who buys without any analytical guarantee, runs the 
risk of netting any quality betwecQ the above limits. 
Shoddy containing from 7 to 8 per cent, of arnra .nia 
is a most valuable end economical munure for hope ; 
and it is a pity that it should not be supplied in the 
natural dry state as it comes from the miilj^. Iq 
addition to the nitrogen compounds, there are mineral 
constituents of shoddy which have a distiuct vaine as 
a manure. In the following analysis port^ous of the 
residue left after burning were selected in equal quan- 
tities from samples 5, 6, 7, and 10. Th se woro care- 
fully mixed, in order to obtain a fa'r average of the 
mineral portion. 
Analysis of the Mineral Mati'Ers in Shoddy. 
Lime 
8-62 
Magnesia ... 
■28 
Potash 
1-62 
Soda 
2-12 
Oxide of Iron 
... 11 86 
Alumina ... 
2-34 
Phosphoiio acid 
•fi2 
Sulphuric acid 
692 
Carbonic acid 
I'CO 
Ohloriue 
•29 
Soluble silica 
... 14-53 
Insoluble siliceous matters 
... 48-60 
100 00 
It will be seen from the above analysis ttiat there is 
14'93 per cent, of soluble filica, which forms an 
important constituent of the flowers and ]e?ive8 of the 
hop plant, the flowers (hops) containing ia their »,shts 
19-16 per cent, of silica, the leaves 22-35 and the b ne 
9-99. There is also 8 62 per cent, of lime, 1-62 of 
potash, 212 of Eoda, 11-86 of oxi-^lea of iion, 6-92 of 
Bulphric acid, aud -82 of pboapboric? ficid. Tho va'ue 
of lime, potash, and phosphoric ncid as umnurial 
constituents is fully recognised. 
As regards the importance oi' the presence of b, good 
supply of sulphuric acid, in the form o! pulphato of 
limi . either uaturally in the soil upon which hops 
are to be successfully grown or artificialiy, as suppli d 
by manure, reference miiy be made to an intert Bting 
lecture on " The Fertility of Hop Soil ■," 0.ven before 
the Maidstone Farmers' Olub in Marcb, 18S4, by Mr. 
F- J. Lloyd, in which special etres ; was laid upon 
this point, and the lecturer stated thit, iu his opinion, 
woollen rags, on account of their ricbnets in both 
nitrogen and sulphur, were the Djost suitable manure 
for hops. 
Lastly, as regards the presorice of 11 86 oxide of 
iron, Dr. A. B. Griffiths, in hi^ l ook on raannres. 
gives numerous well authenticated exporiment?i, e.how- 
ing increased yield of various ovops by the uao of iron 
sulphate in moderate dofes ; and it is quite rraEonalda 
to onnclude that hops wid also bo benefited in alike 
maDner. ... 
H»\i"g said ao much respecting the fertilising value 
of the mineral, constituents, let us now proceed, v;ith the 
aid of the above analys's, to calculate the quantities 
supplied per acre. 
It is generally allowed that it tako two tons to pro- 
perly manure an a; re of hops witli shoddy, Ii, therefore 
we assume that the qnaliiy us'.d contains 8 i er cent, of 
ammonia and 17 per cent, of niiufr<l mattcrd, we 
Bh%ll havo tho following figurcB .— 
'I wo Tons of Shod.iY Supili i-mi Ack. 
lb. lb. 
Ammonia ... '■^■^'^ Sulphuric bokI ... .52 
Soluble Pilica ... HI! I'otii-li ... 12 
Oxide of iron ... 90 i Phosiihono a'-id ... (i 
Lime ... | 
[March i, 1892. 
Lot us cow compare these figures with those re- 
presenting farmyard manure. Absuming 1 ton of dung 
to conUi,::i 15 1b. of ammonia, 12 1b. of potash, and 
7 lb. of phosphoric acid, it would require, in round 
numbera, 2i tons of good dung to yield the 358 lb. of 
ammoni?. buppiied by 2 tons of shoddy. 
The 24 tons of dung would certainly also supply 
288 lb. potash arid 1681b. phosphoric acid; but both 
these oonstituasita should be largely supplied naturally 
by a good hop soil, whereas the ammonia has to be 
provided by tho farmer. This being so, it is necessary 
to regard the cheapest source of ammonia as of the 
greatest importanc-. Farmyard manure, or London 
dnng delivered, would co^t ab.-mt Ts 6 1 per ton, o ju- 
seq-oently 24 ton^ would represent £9, agamet 2 
tons fihoddy costi!;g £6, which leaves a saving of £3 
iii favour of using shoddy ag-ainst fsrmyard msiuure, 
Wheo the tarni is f,i! iiiited a considerable distance from 
the station, (be snialbo- balk of shoddy oompired with 
dut5g would, of courso, make the above comparison 
still m re in favo'u- of the f irmer. Shoddy, like dung, 
is a slowly (lecomp-jsing manure, and should be carted 
ou during the winter months, and carefully dug in 
round the hop. hills, where iindtT favourable climatic 
cotiditionfi, it sbould nfford a continuous source of 
nitrogenous plr-.:;! f lod as required, end in this respect 
f rom f a marked contrast to tbose coocenttated and 
hitjbly solubl.; fertilisers, such as dissolved gu'.no and 
nitrii.te o? s " la, \?hicb,in the more advancpil and often 
oriiicM i s - r 3 of grow'.h, liave been found to render 
fiptc i a'l-i • ' uco when judiciously tmployecd, In con- 
clusion, ic iu;ty be wtb to men! ion that, in analysing 
S:<,inplps oc sh.- ddy, it is mo't uecessirj to make a water 
determination in the material aa received, and then pro- 
oead to outupa porfcii n for the nitrogen determina- 
tion, taking caro to make a Stcond waster ditto in finely 
cut-up portion, wbiob; on account of water lost during 
the proceaa of cur,ting up in a warm room, is naturally 
much drifcr, and tiler, fi ro richer in nitrogen, than the 
shol'ly >is origioally nceii-ed. The nitrogen results 
bidiig calculated eveiiiunlij upon the natural wet state 
of the shoidy as received, will represent the real 
quslilyof the ma'erin.l. 
If fcrmers wiil take the trouble to stipulate that the 
shori<1y shali contain from 7 to 8 per cent of ammonia 
(and bo in a fairly dry condition, contnining not more 
than 20 per CL-nt of filter) they wiil find it one of the 
m-st ccouc I'ji'.'a! iiiinurea that can be purchased. In- 
deel, m.R.iuire i> uf ictarcrs — m ny of them — have 
u*ed shoddy wiih marked advautaKe in compounding 
special mixtures, where aitro.gi.;\ in the form of O'ganio 
matter is required. Furtbor than this, several patents 
have been taken out for the. purpose of treating shoddy 
with sulphuric acid, and, by subsequent drying, to con- 
vert the bulky msteri d into a fine p05ider which can 
readily be piisted tlirough a drill. 
For v!:ies, ag well as for shrubs like tea, coffee, cacao, 
and the immorous t^arden fruit trees, shoddy is admi- 
rably ailaj.ti-d ; and it is hoped that the remarks that 
bf.i'fi been rande in reference to its use for hops will 
attract atte!i''Oii to the more extended application of a 
manure wliicb, at Ihs present time, is certainly so 
suitiibie and so chea;:'. 
John Hughes, f. c. s., Consulting Chemist to the 
Ceylon Planters' Association. 
79. M.'.rlr-laue, E, O. 
—Field 
* 
PHARMACEUTICAL ETYMOLOGY. 
TI.e fo'lowiijf,' notes are gathered from the most 
rec ntly pnb ishod volume 01 Ibe Ph lo'o^ical Society's 
now Eoglis 1 Dicli.-^niry, editt-d by Dr. Murray. 
There uro sevi ral -'Clore.s" of distinct origin. The 
term asappliid (o the spic'C, tho dried flower-bud of 
Cai\i/02>Ji;/l/ 111 aromaticiis, is derived from the French 
clou, wh'.cli word was originally applied to it on account 
of its Bbat'c. The Cii.ri/ophij/.his is the Litinise 1 form 
of iho (Ir'i'k torn) ilcrivd from kari/on, nut, and 
phyllaa 1 at. Jn old Fr< nch the sp'co wan termed c^oit 
dc c/iriillr. I'bi.s torm passed on to the c'ove-soeut>-d 
pink {/Jiiuil/iii.-' cari/ojjiiy/lits), but cjirofle has passed 
into Kuglish s gilly-flower, and repreeents others 
