March i, 1892.] THE TROPICAL AQRIOULTURIST. 
657 
" A " roll a siugle leaf of tea ?— No single leaf of 
tea could have been rolled without " A." That 
is the same as saying that no part of the leaf 
could be rolled unless the machine were com- 
plete. If I were to shut the bottom ^ of the 
lacket holding the leaf so as to convert it into a 
box and set the machine at work it would not roll 
the leaf, The friction necessary to impart a 
roller twist to the tea leaf is obtained in the 
Excelsior by two superposed rolling surfaces, these 
two surfaces being made of a shape so as to utilize 
as far as possible the friction given from the surfaces 
to the charge of leaf being operated on. The upper 
surface therefore not only is made heavy to give 
the necessary pressure on the leaf being rolled, but 
it will be seen from the drawing that it is 
hollowed out on the under side to make it act as the 
upper rolling surface. — Is it more than a weight on 
the tea?— It is a rolling surface.— If the jacket were 
raised in height so as to contain a weight of tea 
equal to the weight of "A" would the machine roll 
any tea? — The leaf would be partially rolled. It 
would not be a successful tea rolling machine be- 
cause the charge of leaf in snch a deep case could 
not get all turned over during the process of 
rolling. We are now substituting convex caps 
for the concave ones. That is to effect better cir- 
culation of the leaf. In using the concave caps in 
the machine as patented I did not find that when 
the lid was not occasionally raised the tea blocked 
in the box and stopped the working of the machine. 
Nor did I find that it stopped the partial roUing of 
the tea. I never knew it doing so to such an extent 
that it actually stopped the motor power. Of course if 
the motive power is not sufficient to drive the machine 
when charged witli leaf and tlie full pressure applied, 
I could easily understand the whole thing stopping. 
Would an 18 ft. by 2 ft. 6 waterwheel give sufficient 
motive power with a plentiful supply of water ? I 
could not say without trying the actual experiment or 
working out the actual power of the wheel. The 
horsepower required is in proportion to the 
pressure applied on the leaf, the quantity of leaf in 
the machine and the speed at which the machine 
is driven. One horsepower will turn the machine at 
a very slow speed. Ten horsepower woitld drive the 
machine at an excessive speed if applied to it. The 
words in our catalogue are " about 4 horsepower 
would drive the machine but it is always desirable 
to have a good margin in motive power." My object 
in suggesting that margin is based on the principle 
that if you give a horse a full load to pull on the 
street every day you will soon kill the horse. The same 
thing will arise with an engine or other motor if it 
is too small or too light for the work. I have known 
a nominal six-horsepower engine as made and supplied 
by Marshall, Sons & Co., England, rimuing three of 
our Excelsiors in India ; I have no actual expe- 
rience in Ceylon of how many machines one of 
these engines will drive. A nominal six-horsepower 
machine may develop an effective 18-horsepower or 
24 if you like. So that these three Excelsior rollers 
you mentioned had from 5 to 8 effective horse- 
power each to work them ? I did not say that tiie 
engine was not doing other work. I cannot there- 
fore say what effective horsepower was imparted to 
each of the rollers. I should say between 3 and 5 
horsepower in proportion to the work being done. 
The horsepower required depends upon the size of tlie 
machine, its construction, and length of stroke. I have 
seen several of Mr. Brown's machines at work and 
HO far as I know they are uniform in size. I really can 
not give the power for them any more than I can give 
the power for my own machine. In this connection 
I would like to explain that the triple-action roller 
is about equivalent in size to our Universal or second 
size Excelsior, and I should say at a guess takes tlie 
same power to drive it. Have you known instances 
whore estates have sold off your machine and re- 
placed them by defendants ? I know of one estate 
in which three of our Excelsiors were not sold but 
ermovcd to another estate belonging to the same 
Company. I have not ascertainod the reason for 
that, altliough I have an idea. Was tlie vertical 
motion of " A " first applied by you in the E.xcolsior 
to tea rolling machinery? Does this question refer 
to Ceylon or all over the world ? It refers to an 
answer in Jackson v. Kerr. Mr. Jackson — I was 
the first to use free vertical movement to the upper 
rolling surface free from the mechanism operating 
it. Had Kinmond in 1877 patented a machine in 
which the upper table had a traversing motion 
and vertical motion and descended automatically 
within the jacket surrounding it? He has in 
India. I cannot define free vertical motion 
as a principle. There is nothing new in 
principle discovered now-a-days or very seldom dis- 
covered. Is it a principle or is it not ? It may be a 
principle. I will admit for argument's sake that it is 
a principle. I am aware that a patent cannot be 
obtained for a principle. Is not free vertical motion 
of the upper rolling surface the object of your patent 
and the driving of the upper rolling surface by the 
jacket the means of obtaining it ? My claim is 
"the arrangement of transmitting motion &c." 
as in niy specification, stopping at the words 
" surrounding it." The free vertical motion to 
the top rolling surface is permitted by the arrange- 
ment described in the claim. Why did you take the 
trouble to specify one of the results ? I cannot 
give any reason beyond this that the claim 
is clear and distinct and one of the results is given. 
I drive my jacket directly from the driving mechanism! 
The jacket is a part driven right from the crank 
pin or through the crank pin. The driving mechan- 
ism of the Excelsior roller may be said to end at 
the upper crank pin "K" which transmits the motion 
to the top rolling surface "A." It may therefore be 
said that the jacket is really not any part of the 
driving mechanism, but is a part driven by the 
mechanism. Do you claim to have patented the 
usual means of converting circular into reciprocating 
motion? Mr. Jackson — I object to the question on 
the gi-ound that an importer is deemed an inventor 
in Ceylon. I therefore cannot disclose what I may 
or may not have patented. 
Mr. Bkowne :— Oh I am referring to the Excelsior. 
Mr. Jackson.— That 's a different thing. With regard 
to that I refer to my third claim in the specifica- 
tion. And does it — the third claim — patent the usual 
means of converting circular into reciprocating motion' 
If it did that, sir, I would not have taken out a patent or 
applied for one. I applied for a patent for an 
arrangement, new at the time, for doing so. That was 
part of the invention described in my specification 
and illustrated by the drawing. 
In reply to his counsel Mr. Jackson said -—The 
jacket of my Excelsior is the last part of my machine 
directly moved by the driving mechanism. Its office 
IS to keep the upper rolhng surface in position and 
carry it with it. Really that is the invention which 
I claim. Free vertical movement is one of the 
objects I had in view in making the inven 
tion but it is not the subject. It was 
by detaching the driving mechanism from the 
upper rolling surface of the Standard and attaching 
it to the jacket in the Excelsior that I liberated 
the upper rolling surface so as to allow it 
free vertical motion under control. Vertical motion 
IS part of a process rather than a princinle 
In my model here of the E.xcelsior the wooden 
lining of the jacket is carried down past the iron 
frame just short of contact with the lowerin-^ rolling 
surface. If I took away the wooden linin<T the 
^r}'F °^ iT^ P"-'"' °* it would escape. (Mr 
Withers.— Then you would have to change the name 
ot your machine to a " tea waster " instead of a 
" tea-roller. ") To hold a large charge of leaf during 
operation and receive the energy communicated to 
it tor the purposes it is intended to serve my iacket 
of course ought to bo well braced up and heavy 
In the Excelsior machine I was the first to use a 
bow through which a guiding rod waspassed, which 
guiding rod IS used in the Excelsior for the purpose 
of raising aiid lowering the sm-face " A " within 
the jacket "B." I could raise the .surface "A "so 
as to euab o mo to feed the leaf underneath I 
could sec the leaf being operated on tluouLdi the 
hopper which enabled me to cliarge tlio nuwhine 
Tho bow in the Excelsior as shown iu the 
