BIRDS. 
99 
Much rarer since 1881. Seen by us at Barrogill and 
at Wick in the north, and at Dunbeath and Berriedale in 
the south-east. 
3. Turdus iliacus, Z. Redwing. 
Perhaps best described as a common autumn visitant to the 
east, more rarely remaining through the winter; the flocks 
that arrive are not nearly so large as those of the fieldfare. 
On one occasion we were witness to a migration of this 
and the next species at Glenrossal in the autumn of 1875, 
large numbers of each arriving all one afternoon, settling 
for a short time in the trees that fringe the river Cassley, 
and then passing on ; next day few or none were to be seen. 
A common winter visitant, and the first of all the Thrush 
tribe to feel the effects of hard weather; even in ordi- 
narily severe winters, Mr. Osborne mentions having 
picked up specimens in such an emaciated condition that 
they could not fly, nor scarcely even hop any distance. 
Before leaving for the north, both this species and the 
fieldfare assemble in fine weather in flocks on the tops of 
the highest trees, and utter a low subdued warbling 
(0. MSS., 1868). 
4. Turdus pilaris, L. Fieldfare. 
Like the last, more common in autumn than in winter in the 
south-east, especially of late years, the birds seeming to 
dread remaining so far north after suffering so terribly from 
the two late severe winters. We have at times seen very 
large flocks of fieldfares after their arrival sitting on the 
hillsides, but these soon after either broke up or went 
further south, single birds at times remaining behind until 
severe weather drove them nearer to the coast. 
One of the best known and most abundant of winter visitants, 
from the latter end of October until March or April, and in 
