390 PRINCIPLES OF BOTANY, ETC. 
versally spread over Europe by a set . quacks, whe 
used its seeds as an emetic or cathartic. 
The Phaseolus vulgaris and Phaseolus nanus, the 
Impatiens Salsamina,- and the Panicum miliaceum, 
were Drought to us from the East. Indies. 
Buck-wheat, and most species of corn and peas, 
we have received through Italy from the East. 
Apples, pears, plumbs, sweet cherries, (Prunus 
avium), the Mespilus germanica, Crategus torminalis, 
and hazel-nuts, are originally natives of Germany. 
In warmer countries they only improve im taste. 
_Uheir diferent varieties, and the rest of. our fruit, 
we have obtained from Italy, Greece, and the 
Levant. 
‘The horse-chesnut, (Aesculus Hippacastanat, as, 
through the care of Clusius, first conveyed: from 
the north of Asia to Europe in the year 1550. The 
Vritilaria imperialis. was brought to us first from 
Constantinople in the year 1570. 
After America was discovered, many plants were 
mported, and grew in our climate. The potatoe 
was first described by Caspar Bauhin in 1590, and 
Sir Walter Raleigh, inthe year 1623, distributed the 
first which he brought from Virginia, in Ireland, 
whence all Europe got them. | 
Vhe Oenothera dienmis was introduced by the 
French in 1674, on account of its eatable root. 
Since’ then, it has become so common in Europes 
¢hat it grows almost everywhere near hedges and 
about villages. 
The tobacco, (Nicotiana tabacum), was first de- 
scribed by Conrad Gessner in 1584. In the year 
1560 
