CLASS XXI. ORDER V. 
6T 
the fruit are always more contracted than ' 
the ban-en parts, (flowering fern.) 
C. Capmle without a ring — being adnate 
at tlie base, sub-globose, coriaceous, not 
cellular, somewhat 2-valved. 
Ophioglos'''sum. Capsules round, 1-ceu- 
ed, opening transversely ; they are placed 
on a somewhat jointed spike in two close 
rows, (adder-tongue fern.) 
Botrych"ium. Capsules coriaceous, glo- 
bose, 1- celled, smooth, adnate to each rachis 
of a compound raceme, separate ; valves 2, 
coimected behind, opening transversely, 
(grape fern.) 
D. Sub-ord^r, Apteres — without pinnate, 
piniiatifid, or othei winged leaves. 
Lycopo'dium. Capsules mostly kidney- 
form, or roundish, 2 or 4 valved, opening 
elastically; they are placed under separate 
scales in a spike, or sometimes in the axils 
of the loaves ; leafy, their stems being gen- 
erally covered with 2, 3, or 4 rows of nar- 
row, simple, entire leaves, (ground pine.) 
Equlse'tum. Fruit placed under peltate 
polygons, being pileus -like bodies, which j 
are arranged in whorls, forming a spike-form 
raceme ; 4 to 7 spiral filaments surround the 
seed, which resemble green globules. Fer- 
tile plants mostly leafless ; the stems of all 
ai'e jointed with toothed sheaths at every 
joint, and usually longitudinally striated and 
hollow, (scouring-rush, horse-tail.) 
Salvin"ia. Involucres 4-9, imbricate, 
connate, resembling a 1-celled capsule ; spo- 
rules inserted upon a central receptacle. 
ORDER II. MUSCI. 
FuNA^RiA. Teeth of the outer peristome* 
16, cohering together at the apex and twist- 
ed obliquely ; the inner peristome consists 
of 16 membranaceous hah-s, opposite to the 
teeth, lying flatly. 
PoLYTRi'cHUM. Peristome very short; 
teeth 16, 32, or 64 ; mouth of the germ cov- 
ered by a dry membrane, which is connect- 
ed to it by the teeth of the peristome ; ca- 
lyptra very small, with a large villose or 
haiiy covering. 
ORDER III. HEPATICiE. 
Marchan"tia. Receptacles pedicelled, 
radiate-lobed, disk-like, or bell-form, with 
the inside downward, to which the globose 
4-valved capsules are attached with their 
apexes downward. The umbrella like re- 
ceptacle is elevated one or two inches by a 
stipe attached to the centre of its lower side, 
among the capsules and many pilose ap- 
pendages. The frond is leafy, reticulate, 
furni.shed with a midrib, and beset with vil- 
lose roots on the under side, which attach 
them.seives to the stones in brooks, to damp 
earth, &c. 
Jungerman"nia. Capsules 4-valved, glo- 
bose, elevated by peduncles or stipes from 
within a bell-form calyx. The fronds are 
* The peristome is the membrane which ap- 
pears round the mouth of the capsule of moss- 
es, under the lid. 
27 
made up of finer leaves than tl)o«e of the 
Marchantia, and are often mistaken lor 
mosses, among which they generally grow. 
ORDER IV. ALGjE. 
A. The sectio7i FucoiDE.ff. comprises those 
sea-tveeds of the old genus Fucus, whose 
fronds are cartilaginous or leathery, and 
of an olive or copper color, becoming 
brown or black. They are composed of 
interwoven, longitudinal fibres. The 
floating vesicles appear like portions of 
the frond blown up in bubbles. 
Fu'cus. Receptacles tubercled ; tubercles 
perforated, nourishing aggregated capsules 
within, intermixed with articulated fibres. 
B. The section Floride^ comprises those 
sea-weeds of the old genus Fncns, whose 
fronds are leathery, membranous, or ge- 
latinous, and of a purple or rose color. 
Halyme'nia. Frond membranaceous, 
leathery, nerveless, punctate ; seed im- 
mersed throughout the whole frond, dis- 
posed in spots. 
C. The section ULvoiDE.a: comprises the 
plants of the old genus Viva. Fronds 
membranaceous [broad, or in narrow 
slips), thin, of a grass-green color. Their 
siibstance consists of cells, with the fruit 
immersed in the frond. They grow on 
rocks, stones, shells, Spc, in the sea ; oho 
in ditches, stagnant waters, damp woods, 
Src. 
Ul^'va. Seeds in fours, immersed in ev- 
ery part of the membranaceous frond. 
D. The section Confervqide^ comprises 
the plants of the old genus Conferva. 
Fniit capsular or naked granulations. 
Fronds jiliform and geniculate, contain- 
ing the fruit immersed in them, generally 
strung on threads ; mostly of a grass 
green or greenish color, sometimes pur 
pie. They grow in fresh-ivaler streams, 
springs, ditches, and stagnant waters ; 
sometimes in damp woods, and some in 
tlie sea. 
CoNrER''VA. Filaments articulated, uni- 
form, simple or branched, containing the 
seed within them. No external fruit. 
E. The section Tremellin^ comprises 
the old genus Tremella. Plants of this * 
section are all gelatinous, hyaline, ana, 
covered with a membrane. Tliey are glo- 
bose, palmate, or filifn-m, and contain 
conferva-like filaments within. Color 
green or purplish. They resemble Con- 
fervoidece in habit and place of growth. 
Nos"toc. Filaments monilifonn, consti- 
tuted from coadunate globules. Fronds 
bullate, vesicular (at length becoming flat- 
tened), crowded with simple monilifornx 
curve-crisped filaments. 
ORDER V. LICHENES. 
Gyropho'ra. Frond foliaceous. coria- 
ceous-cartilaginous, peltate, nionophylkma 
, (when luxuriant, polyphyllous), free be- 
