HISTORY OF BOTANY. 
223 
influence ; pretended Christians, as well as Pagans, destroyed libra- 
ries and the monuments of literature, sacred and profane. 
At this time the barbarians of the north and west precipitated 
themselves upon a country weakened by effeminate habits. Italy, 
ravaged by the Huns and Vandals, became successively the prey 
of the Heruli, of the Goths and Lombards. These people, nursed 
in war, abhorred the sciences and arts, and believing they enervated 
courage, allowed not their children to cultivate them. 
The ' Latin ceased to be the common language, and a corrupt 
mixture of barbarous languages took its place. The population was 
greatly diminished ; the country, formerly fertile and cultivated, be- 
came overgrown with forests, and inhabited ^y wild beasts. 
In this dark period, Botany shared the fate of other sciences. The 
monks, strangers to the first elements of literature, and yet passing 
for the lights of* their age, spoke in a barbarous language of the 
plants of Theophrastus and Pliny, commented upon writings they 
were incapable of comprehending, and mingled with their errors re- 
specting facts, the most shameful superstitions 
LECTURE XLIII. 
HISTORY OF BOTANY, FROM THE EIGHTH CENTURY TO THE DISCOVERY OF 
AMERICA. 
The state of science was thus gloomy in the empire of the West, 
when Charlemagne, a monarch endowed with a genius for learning 
and civilization, vainly endeavoured to rehght the torch of human 
knowledge in this barbarous age. The renown of Charlemame ex- 
tended to Asia ; he entered into a correspondence with the famous 
Calif of the Saracens, Haroun Alraschid, a man who greatly con- 
tributed towards polishing and enlightening the Arabians ; and who 
preferred the friendship of the king of France to that of all the 
princes of Europe, because none, like Charlemagne, possessed a 
desire for intellectual greatness. After the death of Charlemagne, 
which took place in the year 814, Europe became involved in still 
greater mental darkness than before. 
When the Western empire, weakene^d by luxury and effeminacy, 
had fallen an easy prey into the hands of barbarians, the empire of 
the East, though feeble, yet preserved the precious deposites of an- 
cient literature ; but the greater part of the learned, occupied with 
the subtleties of scholastic theology, -made no effort to enlarge the 
boundaries of natural science. Religious intolerance drove from 
the empire many enlightened men, who, banished by the emperor 
Theodosius, carried among the Arabs the taste for Greek and Latin 
literature, and founded schools upon the shores of the Euphrates, 
where they taught rhetoric, languages, and medicine. 
The Arabs, fond of mysteries, and led by their genius and ardent 
imaginations to the cultivation of poetry and works of fiction, 
seemed to have little taste for sciences which required assiduous ap- 
plication and patient investigation. Urged on by fanaticism, under 
Mahomet they were the conquerors and scourges of the civilized 
world. Alexandria experienced their ruthless violence. This city, 
Barbarians ravage Italy— Language corrupted— Botany shared the fate of other 
sciences— Charlemagne— Dedine of learning in the Eniipire of the East— Literature 
carried among the Arabs, 
