S6 
MIBBEL^S CLASSIFICATION OF FEUITS. 
Fig. 103. 
This diffe^'e lOd in the form of the silique and silicle is 
the foundation of the distinction in the orders of the 
class Tetradynamia. Fig. 102, a, represents a si- 
lique, the fruit of the sinapis alha (white mustard) ; 
it is rostrate ; b represents a globular seed ; c, the 
same magnified ; d shows the seed separating, and 
the embryo making its appearance. 4th. 'Vhe Pyxides 
(from puxis, a box) have two valves, an upper and 
lower ; the latter is attached to the receptacle, while the 
former opens like the lid of a box, as seen in Lecythis. Fig. 
103, a, represents the lower valve ; b, the upper valve 
or lid of the pericarp. To this genus belong the fruit of 
the Anagalis, Hyosciamus, and Gomphrena globosa, or 
bachelor's button. 
92. OuDER 8d. DiERESiLiA (from diceresis, divison) con- 
tains simple fruits, which divide into many carpels ranged symmetrically round a 
central axis. These carpels are formed by the adhering valves of the pericarp 
which in the maturity of the fruit separates, and the carpels appear like so many 
little nuts; as in the seed of the nasturtion, which easily falls into parts. 1st. Cremo- 
carp (from kremao, to suspend, and karpon, fruit) ; this kind of fruit derives its 
origin from an ovary surmounted with two styles, and often crowned by the limb 
of the calyx. It has two cells and two seeds. It divides itself into two seeds, 
suspended by their summit to a slender central axis, usually two-forked. Each 
seed contains a depending embryo, clotlied with a membraneous and adhering teg- 
men, and having a horny perisperm. The embryo is very small, and has two cotyl- 
edons. Tlie coriander is a spherical cremocarp ; the caraway is elUpsoid. The seeds 
of the carrot and parsley and other umbelliferous plants belong to this genus. 2d. The 
Regmates (from regma, opening with noise) contain many seeds which are inclosed 
by two valves opening by an elastic movement, as 
Euphorbia. Fig. 104 represents a pericarp of the 
Eupliorbia, consisting of four carpels ; — in the ripe 
fruit, the panextern, or outer covering, is thrown 
off by an elastic movement of the valves ; a repre- 
sents the entire fruit, and b the same cut trans- 
versel3% showing the four seeds. 3d. Bieresil,^ a 
variable genus, contains such fruits in the order 
as do not properly come under the two other di- 
visions, as the nasturtion, geranium, hollyhock, <fec. 
93. Order 4th. Etaironn aires (from etairoi, associates) contain compound fruits 
proceeding from ovaries bearing the styles ; this order has two genera. These 
fruits offer many irregular pericarps which do not adhere to the calyx. The 
Capsular fruits show the commencement of the separation of cells ; the Dieresi- 
lian fruits show this separation complete in the pericarp divided into many nuts 
after coming to maturity ; the fruits of the Etaironnair order sliow this separa- 
tion from the earliest stage of the pistil. There is a gradual passing from one 
order to another, showing the existence of natural relations under the great di- 
versity of forms. 1st. Follicle is a one-valved pericarp opening longitudinally on 
one side and having its seed loose within, or not affixed to the 
suture, as in the dog's-bane (Apocynum), which has a double fol- 
licle, and in the milk-weed (Asclepias). 2d. Etairon,\ having 
many seeds ranged round the imaginary axis of the flower, as the 
ranunculus and anemone. 
Fig. 105 represents the fruit of the Aconitum (monk's-hood) ; 
it is composed of three pods united in one compound fruit ; a 
bIiows one of the valves in a dehiscent state ; b represents a seed 
cut longitudinally. The Clematis is a caudate etairon ; the 
Paonia is divergent and dehisceiit. 
Fig. 105. 
* The samara of Gsertner. 
+ The syncarp of Richard. 
92. Order D'oresilia. with it« genera.— 93. Order Etaironnairos, with its genera. 
