METHOD OF TOURNEFORT. 
119 
be obliged to turn over the leaves of our books without any rule 
to guide us in the search. 
147. Previous to the time of Linnaeus, Tournefort, of France, 
had published an ingenious method of arrangement, beautiful 
by its simplicity, but imperfect, on account of the vagueness of 
its application. The characters of his classes were founded upon 
the absence^ jpresenoe^ and J^onn of the corolla. 
Synopsis of the Method of Tournefort. 
riOWKRS 
^ETALOUS, 
simple. 
Corollas 
monopetiilous. 
Corollas 
polypetalous. 
Regular, 
Irregular. 
Regular. 
Irregular. 
Compound. 
FL0WER8 APETALOUS. 
1. Bell-form. 
2. Funnel-form, 
3. Personate. 
4. Labiate. 
5. Cruciform. 
6. Rosaceous. 
7. Umbelliferous. 
8. Gary aphyllous. 
9. Liliaceous. 
10. Papilionaceous. 
11. Jlnomaloiis. 
12. Flosculous. 
13. Semi-Flosculous. 
14. Radiated. 
15. ^petalous, with stamens. 
16. Jlpctalous, without stamens. 
17. jSpetalous, without visible flowers 
fruit. 
FLOWERS APETALOUS. 
FLOWERS 
PETALOUS. 
Corollas 
monopetalous. 
Corollas 
polypetalous. 
TREES. 
18. Trees apetalous. 
19. Trees amentaceous. 
20. Trees with monapetalous flowers. 
21. Trees with rosaceous flowers. 
22. Trees with papilionaceous flowers. 
a. The first step in this classification, or the separation of shrubs and trees, wa* 
wrong. The distinction between a small tree and shrub cannot be accurately 
settled. Two circumstances were by Tournefort relied on as a foundation for thia 
distinction: first, that shrubs do not form buds for the future year; and secondly, 
the difference in size of trees and shrubs. With respect to the formation of buds., 
the distinction is not found to be invariable, as some shrubs do form buds, and some 
trees do not. As to size, the variation, even in the same species, is such in different 
soils and situations, that it cannot be admitted as a mark of distinction. Different 
species even in the same genus sometimes differ in their ste7ns ; some being woody 
and others herbaceous. Neither is the form of the corolla to be depended on ; 
even in the most natural families of plants we find flowers of different forms; as 
in dififerent species in the natural order Solaneje, where the mullein, is wheel-form ; 
the tobacco^ funnel-form ; and the atropa, bell form. 
System of Linnaeus. 
148. The system* of Linngeus not only includes within it all 
known plants, but is founded on such principles as must com- 
prehend within it whatever plants may yet be discovered. Its 
• System differs from method in having but one single primitive character, and in founding its prin- 
cipal divisions upon the consideration of only one single organ or principle. Linnaeus founded his sys 
tern upon the consideration of the staviens as more or less numerous, upon their proportion, connection 
and their absence. Newton founded his system of Natural Philosophy upon attraction. The vital 
principle is the foundation of all systems of Physiology. Method is not confined to the consideratioi 
"•f one character ; it employs all such as are conspicuous and invariable. 
147. At/.empts at arrangement made before the time of Linnjeus — Tonrnefort's classes, on whal 
founded ? — Synopsis of Tournefort's method — a. Defects in Tournefort's classification. — 148. System o, 
Linnsp.ns. 
