NATURAL ORDERS. 
Fig. 168, a, Podophyllum peltatum (wild mandralce, May-apple) ; 6, pistil en- 
larged ; ovary ovoid, sessile, crowned by the large peltate stigma ; c, vertical sec 
tion of the same, showing the ovules crowded in rows upon the placenta which 
occupies the whole length of the cell ; d, cross section of the same ; e, an ovule 
magnified. 
Fig. 169, a, G Ai,TH A pahcstris (American cowslip); b, vertical section of the pistil 
and ovary ; c, ovule magnified ; d, head of follicles. 
Fig. 170, Hepatica triloba (liverwort); root fibrous; leaves radical, three-lobed 
flowers terminal 
Fig. 170. Fig. 171. 
Fig. 171, AcTEA racemosa (black snake-root) ; long, ovate raceme {aj, with centrip- 
etal inflorescence (the lower flowers first expanding ; stem {b) tall, with bi-ternat# 
leaves. 
Fig. 172, Hydrastis canadensis (or- ^r^*iklSv<,-.- Fig, 172, 
ange-root) ; rhizome bright yellow, 
thick knotted; stem simple, naked, 
with two, alternate, palmate leaves 
near the summit ; a, diagram of the 
sestivation of the calyx ; b, pistil mag- 
nified ; c, vertical section of the ova- 
ry ; d, pistils in fruit ; e, vertical sec- 
tion of the same. 
401. Magnoliace^, the 
Magnolia T/'ihe. — ^Trees or 
shrubs. Zeaves alternate, co- 
riaceous, stipules deciduous. 
Flowers large, solitary, usu- 
ally odoriferous. Sepals 3-6, 
deciduous. Petals 3-27, in, 
several rows. Stamens in- 
definite, distinct ; aMhers ad- 
nate, long. Ovaries numer- 
ous, simple, arranged upon 
the prolonged receptacle, 1- 
celled; (youles ascending or 
suspended. Fruit dry or succulent, consisting of numerous 
