NATURAL OEDEES. 
269 
469. Composite, the Com^ositce or Sunflower Tribe. — Herhs or 
shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers (called florets) 
collected in dense heads upon a common receptacle, surround- 
ed by an involucre, the separate flowers often furnished with 
bractlets called palece. Calyx adherent to the ovary, its limb 
obsolete or membraneous, consisting of bristles, palege, hairs, or 
feathers called pap-pus. Corolla regular or irregular. Stamens 
5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its 
teeth ; anthers cohering in a tube. Ovary 1-celled, with a sin- 
gle, erect ovule. Fruit an achenium. Seed solitary, erect, 
albuminous ; embryo straight. This extensive but very natural 
family is divided into four sub-orders, namely : Cichoracem^ 
having the florets all ligulate ; Cinarocephalce^ florets all tubu- 
lar ; UorymbifercB^ florets tubular in the disk, ligulate in the 
circumference ; Labiatifl>orcB^ corolla of the disk-flowers bila- 
biate. 
a. Properties : all have more or less bitterness, sometimes associated with astrm- 
gent, acrid, and narcotic qualities. 
470. SuB-oKDER I. — CicHOEACE^ — Most plants of this section 
yield a milky juice, which is bitter, astringent, and narcotic ; 
by cultivation some are rendered esculent. 
Genera. — Apogon, Cichorium, Krigia, Troximon, Leontodon, Tragopogon, Pre- 
nanthes, Lactuca, Chondrilla, Hieracium, Apargia, Ammobium. 
471. SuB-oEDEE II. — CrN-AEocEPHAL^ — Usually tonic and 
stimulant ; bitterness lessened by cultivation, so that the plants 
often become esculent. 
Geneea. — Echinops, Arctium, Centaurea, Cnicus, Carthamus, Cynara, Carduua^ 
Onopordon. 
472. SuB-OEDEE III. — CoRTMBiFEEJs — ^The plants of this sec- 
Fig. 193. Fig. 194. 
tion have the general bitterness of the order, and some have ao 
aromatic odor from the presence of volatile oil. 
