CLASS XXL ORDER. V. 
373 
the fruit are always more contracted than ] 
tbe baiTen parts, (floweiing' fern.) 
C. CapsnJe without a ring — being adnate 
at the base, sub-globoRe, coriaceous, not 
cellular, somewhat 2-valved. 
Ophtoglos^sum. Capsules round, 1-ceu- 
*id, opening transversely ; they are placed 
on a somewhat jointed spike in two close 
rows, (adder-tongue fern.) 
BnTRYCH"iUM. Capsules coriaceous, glo- 
hose, 1 celled, smootii, adnate to each rachis 
of a compound raceme, separate ; valves 2, 
connected behind, opening transversely, 
(grape fern.) 
D. Sub-order, Apteres — without pinnate, 
pinnatijid, or otliet winged leaves. 
Lycopo'diijm. Capsules mostly kidney- 
form, or roundish, 2 or 4-valved, opening 
elastically ; they are placed under separate 
scales in a spik^.*, or ssometimes in the axils 
of tlie leaves ; leafy, their stems being gen- 
erally covered with 2, 3, or 4 rows of nar- 
row, .simple, entire leaves, (ground pine.) 
Eql'ise'tum. Fruit placed under peltate 
polygons, being piieus like bodies, which 
are arranged in whorls, forming a spike-form 
raceme ; 4 to 7 spiral lilaments suiTound the 
seed, which resemble gi-een globules. Fer- 
tile plants mostly leafless ; the stems of all 
are jointed with toothed sheaths at every 
t'oint, and usually longitudinally striated and 
lollow. (scouring-rush, horse-tail.) 
Salvin'^ia. Involucres 4-9, imbricate, 
connate, resembling a 1-celled capsule ; spo- 
ruies inserted upon a central receptacle. 
ORDER II. MUSCI, 
Funa'ria. Teeth of the outer peristome* 
16, cohering together at the apex and twist- 
ed obliquely ; the inner peristome consists 
of 16 membranaceous hahs, opposite to the 
teeth, lying flatly. 
PoLYTKi'cHUM. Peristome very short; 
teeth 16, 32, or 64 ; mouth of the germ cov- 
ered by a dry membrane, which is connect- 
ed to it by the teeth of the peristome ; ca- 
lyptra veiy small, with a large villose or 
hairy covering. 
ORBER III. HEPATIC^. 
Marchan' tia. Receptacles pedicelled, 
radiate-lobed, disk-like, or beri-form, with 
the inside downward, to which the globose 
4-valved capsules are attached with their 
apexes downward. The umbrella like re- 
ceptacle IS elevated one or two inches by a 
stipe attached to the centre of its lower side, 
among the capsules and many pilose ap- 
pendages. The frond is leafy, reticulate, 
ifui-nished with a midrib, and beset with vil- 
k>.se rootes on the under side, which attach 
themselves to the stones in brooks, to damp 
earth, &c. 
JuNGERMAN^NiA. Capsules 4-valved, glo- 
bose, elevated by peduncles or stipes from 
within a bell-form calyx. The fronds are 
* The peristome is the membrane which ap- 
pears roiuid the moutV if *he capsule of moss- 
es, under the lid 
made u]» of finer leaves tnan tiiose of tbe 
Marchantia, and are often mistaken for 
mosses, among which they generally grow 
ORDER IV. ALGjE. 
A. Tlie section FucoiDEiE comprises those 
sea weeds of the old genus Fncns, whose 
fronds are cartilaginous or leathery, ana 
of an olive or copper color, becoming 
brown or black. They are composed of 
interwoven, longitudinal fibres. Tiu 
floating vesicles appear like portions of 
the frond blmcn up in bubbles. 
Fu'cus. Receptacles tubercled ; tubercles 
perforated, nourishing aggregated capsules 
within, intermixed with articulated fibres. 
B. The section Floride^ comprises those 
sea-weeds of tJte old genus Fucus, whose 
fronds are leathery, membranous, or ge- 
latinotts, and of a purple or rose color. 
Halyme'nia. Frond membranaceous, 
leathery, nerveless, punctate ; seed im- 
mersed' throughout the whole frond, dis- 
posed in spots. 
C. The section Ulvoide^ comprises the 
plants of the old genus Ulva. Fronds 
membranaceous {broad, or in narrow 
slips), thin, of a grass-green color. Their 
substance consists of cells, with the fruii 
immersed in the frond. They grow on 
rocks, stones, shells, SfC, in the sea; at so 
in ditches, stagnant waters, damp icoods 
Ul^'va. Seeds in fours, immersed in -iv 
eiy part of the membranaceous frond. 
D. The section ConfervoidEjE compnset 
the plants of the old genus Conferva 
Fruit capsular or nahzd granulatiom 
Fronds filiform and geniculate, contain 
ing thefmit immersed in them, generally 
strung on threads ; mostly of a grass 
green or greenish color, sometimes pur- 
ple. They grow in fresh-water streams, 
springs, ditches, and stagnant waters 
sometimes in damp woods, and some i?, 
the sea. 
CoNrER"vA. Filaments articulated, uni- 
form, simple or branched, containing tliP 
seed within them. No external fruit. 
E. The section Tremellinje comprise! 
the old genus Tremella. Plants of thii 
section are all gelatinous, hyaline, ana 
covered with a membrane. Tliey are glo- 
bose, palmate, or filiform, and contain 
confei-va-like filaments within. Coloi 
green or piirplish. They resemble Con- 
fervoide<B in habit and place of growth. 
Nos"toc. Filaments raonilifoi-m, consti- 
tuted from coadunate globules. Fronds- 
bullate, vesicular (at length becoming flat- 
tened), crowded with simple monilifona 
curve-crisped filaments. 
order v. lichenes. 
Gyropho'ra. Frond foliaceous. coria 
ceo as-cartilaginous, peltate, monophylloue 
(ivhen luxuriant, polyphyllous), free be- 
