134 
NAT. ORDER. POMACEiE. 
able both to those on quinces or wild Pears ; but it is supposed to 
have an unfavorable influence on the fruit, in rendering it smaller 
and hard ; and the grafts or buds require to be inserted very low, 
that the moisture of the earth may tend to favor the swelling or en- 
largement of the diameter of the stock, which does not increase pro- 
portionably to, nor ever attains, the same size as the stem of the 
Pear. The free and wild Pear stocks are to be planted in nursery 
rows at the same distances as recommended for free or wild apples; 
and the quinces and thorn at the same distance as the Paradise 
stocks and creeper apples ; in other respects the management is the 
same as for the apple. 
Choice of plants. Our most experienced nurserymen take trees 
at one year from the graft, and thence to the sixth year or older. 
Others recommend to those who intend to plant Pear trees, instead 
of choosing young ones, to look out for the oldest that they can find 
in the nursery and with strong stems. 
Soil and site. A dry deep loam is accounted the best soil for 
the Pear-tree, when the stock is of its own species ; on a quince 
stock it wants a moist soil, without which it will not prosper. Gra- 
vel is a good sub-soil, where the incumbent mould is suitable. Cold 
clay is a bad sub-soil ; to prevent fruit trees from striking into it, 
slates may be laid just under the roots. For wall trees the soil 
should be made good to the depth of two or three feet ; for orchard 
trees eighteen inches may do. Pear-trees, on their own stocks, will 
thrive on land where apples will not even live ; supposing the plants 
to be hardy varieties, little removed from wild Pears, and to have 
room to grow freely as standards. To the more choice of the early 
autumn and prime winter Pears, assign south-east or west walls. 
Some recommend a strong, deep, loamy soil, and a high wall, for 
training the better sorts. 
Final 'planting. This is performed any time in mild weather, 
from October to March ; standards are placed from twenty-five to 
forty feet apart every way ; half standards from twenty to thirty 
