SUMMARY. 
191 
Some stems are round, others square; some smooth, others covered 
with prickles or hairs; some jointed, some not; some hollow, others 
filled with pith or wood. 
Woody Stems. — Some grow by rings of new wood between 
the older wood and the bark. In these the hardest wood (called 
keart-ivood) is near the centre. Others, like the palms, grow by 
fresh wood forming in the centre of the stem. These have no bark, 
and have the hardest wood at the outside. 
LEAVES.— I. (p. 86). 
KindS-^ — Leaves are simple^ as in the banana and coffee; or 
compound, as in logwood. Some simple leaves have lohes, as in the 
castor-oil leaf. Co^npound leaves are so called because they have 
several leaflets, as in tamarind, English pea, and cotton-tree. 
The leaflets of compound leaves grow either on each side of the 
chief stalk, or spreading out like the fingers of a hand. 
Sta,lk a.nd Bla,de. — Some leaves have a blade only, which 
sheathes around the plant-stem, as in corn. Others have both blade 
and leaf-stalk. 
LEAVES.— 11. (p. 89). 
Sha,pe. — Leaves are variously shaped, some like an egg, others 
like a heart, and so on ; and the edges of some are even, and of others 
uneven. 
Surface. — The surface of some leaves seems smooth and shiny, 
while the surface of others being covered with hairs is rough, and 
the edges of others are furnished with sharp spines. 
Veins. — Leaves have ribs, or veins. These spread the leaf out, 
and carry sap to all parts of it. The one passing through the centre 
is the mid-rib. Leaves are either (1) Straight-veined, as in corn, 
bamboo, banana ; or (2) Net-veined^ as in cocoes, coffee, mango. ^ 
FLOWERS.— I. (p. 93). 
Ca,lyx. — The calyx is formed by the sepals, which are mostly 
green. But in some flowers, as in orchids and lilies, the sepals are 
of other colours. The sepals do not always join, nor is their num- 
ber always the same. Each kind of plant keeps to its own number. 
