Peb. 6, 1904.I, 
FOREST, AND STREAM 
lOB 
Now, as to physical pain. When you tread on a dog's 
foot why does he yelp if he feels no pain? Why does a 
rat squeal when the trap pinches? Why does a bear, 
when first trapped, often howl so that he can he heard 
half a mile away? Why are whips carried by drivers of 
horses if the animal can feel no pain? What man who 
has ever gunned our northern rabbits (hares) who has 
'not heard them cry when wounded? I believe that every 
one who has ever had anything to do with animals knows 
that they feel pain just as men do, although the same 
cause might not in some animals produce the same de- 
gree of pain. 
Again Mr. Long is reported as saying: "Animals are 
unable to recognize death." If this is so, what becomes 
of the many well authenticated instances where men's 
lives have been saved when attacked by animals because 
they were supposed by the animal to be dead? Who has 
not known of dogs showing plainly that they knew when 
their master was dead? Not only this, but I have knowii 
of animals showing sorrow for the death of other ani- 
m.als. Cows often show sorrow when the calf has been 
killed. I once knew a skunk whose young had been 
killed to come back and carry their little bodies, one at a 
time, a long distance to a spot where she could have her 
dead to herself. I have myself seen three separate cases 
where, when mink were in log traps, other mink had 
carefully covered their bodies with leaves and moss. As 
it is not the nature of the mink to hide or bury for future 
use, this would seem to indicate grief for the dead. 
Again, the paper goes on to say: "The scientist," 
said Mr. Long, "will classify the oyster and the crab, but 
the lover of nature goes into the subject deeper. When 
the soft-shelled crab loses its shell it goes to the oyster, 
and the latter, instead of crushing it, as it would any 
other substance, opens its shell and admits the crab. 
When the crab wishes to leave its hiding place it goes 
to the mouth of the shell and the oyster, feeling it there, 
again opens its shell and permits it to leave. This would 
be repeated many times. Mr. Long believed that the ex- 
istence of a deep feeling of friendship between the oyster 
and the crab was conclusively proved. This, he said, in 
dismissing the subject, is not science, but life." 
Mr. Long is certainly correct in saying that this is not 
science! As the soft-shelled crab sold in the markets 
is the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun), C. has- 
tatus (Simpson)), which has shed its shell, they cannot 
well shed their shells a second time to excite the syrn- 
pathy of the oyster. If they had not already shed their 
shells they would still be the hard-shelled "blue crab." 
Moreover, they are so large (averaging almost six inches 
across the carapace) that no oyster could shelter one even 
if he should vacate his shell for the purpose. _ The crab 
which does live in the oyster's shell is the little oyster 
crab (Pinnotheres ostreum), which one sometimes finds 
in oyster soup. The female of this crab lives in the gill 
cavity of the oyster as a mess-mate, the male swimming 
free. The female enters the oyster when it is in the 
megalops stage, and remains there permanently, thus do- 
ing away with the pretty fiction of not needing a latch- 
key when it goes in and out of the oyster's house. The 
feeling of friendship is probably about the same as that 
which exists between a dog and a flea, or a hot and a 
horse. I am glad to agree with Mr. Long on one point — 
that what he says is not science. But it is also not truth. 
M, Hardy. 
Flight of the Flying Fish. 
The question how does the flying fish fly, has often 
been asked, and many replies have been made to it A 
recent paper in the English Annals and Magazine of 
Natural History, by Capt. Barrett-Hamilton, records the 
results of his observations on the flight of the true fly- 
ing fishes (Exoccetus), which are interesting. The 
writer's belief is that in these fishes the great fins which 
act as wings are never moved as organs of flight. "They 
may vibrate or quiver, under the action of air currents 
or the shifting of their inclination by the fish; but the 
whole motive power is supplied by the powerful tail. The 
wings are a parachute to augment the action of this pro- 
pellor. Their motions are in no way comparable to those 
of the wings of a bird." In other words, these broad 
fins act on the principle of the aeroplane, and the bird is 
supported on the air as it scales along, for the most part 
horizontally. This so-called flight is thus analogous to 
the "flights" of the flying squirrel. 
Two Familiar Characters. 
Among our acquaintances there are two men whom we 
see so often, and who are so familiar to us that we 
seldom stop to consider that they are the ones who are 
largely responsible for the failure of the people of this 
country to secure the preservation of their forests, 
fisheries, and game. 
One of these persons is the man who measures every- 
thing by the good it will do his own pocketbook, or 
v/hether it is good to eat, drink, or wear, or fill any of 
the wants he may happen to feel. For what is interesting 
or beautiful in nature he has no perception. . He never 
notices a tree or a piece of woodland, unless to estimate 
the number of feet of lumber it contains, or without a 
desire to get at it with an ax. He considers himself a 
very practical man. Of course he is in hearty sympathy 
with the parties who wish to convert the big trees of 
California into lumber, for of what use are they as they 
are now? If there is any spot in his neighborhood of 
sufficient natural beauty or interest to induce people to 
visit it, he places a large sign advertising the article he 
manufactures in the place where it will disfigure the 
landscape the most. 
He is a good business man, and he may be kind-hearted 
and generous, but, you cannot interest him in anything 
which does not bear a trade-mark consisting of a capital 
S with two vertical lines drawn through it. If you are 
foolish enough to make any such attempt, his invariable 
remark is, "I don't see what is the use of it." And he 
really does not see. He is so narrow-minded that he can- 
not understand that he is not the most liberal and 
broadest minded man in the world. 
The other person is very different. He is bright 
enough. His difficulty is pure unadulterated selfishness, 
and his invariable question is, "What difference does it 
make to me?" If he does not care about shooting, he is 
opposed to game preservation because it will do him no 
good; if he does care about shooting he opposes it also, 
for he thinks the game will last out his day, and what 
happens after he is gone will make no difference to him. 
He . does not believe in Government parks such as tli J 
Yellowstone or the Yosemite, because they are a long 
way off from where he lives, and he does not have the 
opportunity, to visit them. He looks out for number one 
first, last, and all the time. Do not waste your time and 
breath trying to arouse his public spirit, for he has not 
got any. 
Both these types are so numerous— they live in every 
city, town, and village in the country — that they are 
responsible for a great deal of harm, or at least negli- 
gence. It is because they are such a large class that 
many of the abuses which go on year after year are al- 
lowed to continue. We blame the market hunter for his 
wholesale destruction of game. We blame the game 
wardens for negligence in enforcing the laws, and the 
judges who persistently refuse to punish offenders guilty 
of violating them. None of them get more blame than 
they deserve, but they are not the only guilty parties. The 
man who says "Oh, what's the use?" and the man who 
says, "What difference does it make to me?" have been 
as much the cause of the extermination of the buffalo 
and the rapidly approaching extinction of many of our 
birds and animals, as the hide-hunters and market- 
gunners themselves. 
It is such people as those we have just described that 
are making it possible to have the passage of the bill 
creating the Appalachian Forest Reserve put off from 
one session of Congress to another, until the lumbermen 
have stripped the entire area of its forests. Then they 
AND 
will graciously allow the Government to purchase it. It 
is largely the fault of our two friends that the spring 
shooting of wildfowl is still allowed to go on in most 
States. The people that actually commit and profit by 
such abuses are few, and they alone fight to be allowed to 
continue them. It is the indifference of the many that 
enables them to succeed. This indifference is but little 
better than actual participation in the offenses, for it is 
the only thing that makes it possible to commit them. 
Wyoming Wolves. 
Wells, Wyoming. — Editor Forest and Stream: Mr. 
Carney's remarks as to bear coloration reminds me that 
I never could make up my mind whether our bear here 
in the Rockies (other than the grizzly) were a black 
or a brown bear. They run all colors from a light yel- 
low to black, and it is a rare thing to see a litter of cubs 
all the same color, or of the same color as the mother. I 
have seen but one such case, and that. was a black she 
bear with two black cubs. Grizzlies also vary greatly in 
color, and I have seen some that were almost brown, but 
the long straight front claws of the grizzly are a dis- 
tinctive mark. The black or brown bear has short, 
curved claws on the front feet. Grizzlies also have the 
irmer fur darker than the long ou*^side hair, while with 
black or brown bears it is the other way. ' I have seen 
bears that looked perfectly black, but on parting 
the hair have found the under fur brown. A silver-tip 
is ' nothing but a grizzly with dark under fur, the long 
hairs being tipped with gray. Nearly all grizzlies from a 
timbered country are silver-tips, while those from the 
open country have poor, ragged fur, and are much lighter 
in color — a grizzly gray.- 
We are now beginning to see the effect of the enlarge- 
micnt of the Yellowstone reserve on the game. One effect 
is that wolves, big and little, are increasing very fast. 
I have been chasing a big wolf which got away with a 
No. 4 trap and a twenty-pound clog, for the last three 
days. He cut the clog off all but about six inches, and 
being caught by but one toe, as I afterward found, could 
travel very well. He had two days' start, and three other 
wolves were with him all the time. They never left a 
tract a couple of miles square, and I learned a lot about 
wolf nature that I never knew before. 
When I came up with the trapped wolf it was in 
thick jack pines, and I had left my horse. Finding 
that I could not outrun the wolf on foot, I started the 
dog after him, and went back for my horse. When I 
got back the_ wolf had jerked his toe off and Brig had 
him stopped in an open park. But in riding up my "horse 
stepped in a hole, and we plowed a foot and a half of 
snow for twenty feet or so. By the time I found out 
where I was at the wolf had got to the timber, and the 
other three coming to his help, whipped Brig out, and he 
came back. By the way. Brig is the father of Turk, the 
fighting dog that Mr. Roosevelt tells about in the story of 
his lion hunt with John Goff. In his younger days Brig 
could whip any three-legged wolf, but he is old and stiff, 
and most of his teeth are gone, so he didn't have a fair 
show. 
There is no doubt but that the reserve will become a 
breeding ground for wolves, coyotes, and cougar, and 
thus lead to greater friction between th» reserve officials 
and the stockmen, and this friction is bad enough already, 
and has resulted in a demand by the Governor of the 
State for a change in. the management. 
As regards other game, the reserve is a benefit. Elk 
and deer are increasing, the elk being up to the limit of 
the winter range. It is hard to say about the mountain 
sheep. Last season (1902) L thought that there had been 
a great decrease, but this year I found out that the sheep 
had left the higher ranges and were down in the timber 
right among the deer. In our hunt we found many deer 
and elk above the sheep, and never saw a sheep 
above timber line but once, when seven ewes went above 
the trees for half a day. And in the same country that 
we himted in 1902 without success we found a reason- 
able amount of sheep, and got a good head, and could 
have killed more had the law allowed. The best sheep 
heads are away back in the Wind River Range. _ But no 
one should tackle them unless he has plenty of time, be- 
cause the country is very rough, and other game scarce. 
Wm. Wells. 
The Adirondack Deer. 
As a person interested in the reasonable protection 
of game, both for the present and, at least, the next 
generation, and in "true sportsmanship" — and further 
as one who has noticed the virtual extermination of 
game in some parts of the United States, and has 
some property in the Adirondacks— I beg your per- 
mission to state some facts which have come under my 
personal observation regarding deer hounding and still- 
hunting, in reply to the article in your issue of January 
23, entitled "Adirondack Deer Hounding." 
The writer of the article suggests a basis of general 
agreement, viz., "a deer hunting law which will give 
the greatest amount of sport to the largest number of 
people consistent with the protection of the deer."_ I 
would only add "consistent with true sportsmanship," 
and "permitting of some increase in the number of the 
deer." 
The addition of the words "consistent with true 
sportsmanship" has a very important bearing upon 
hounding, as it was generally practiced in the Adiron- 
dacks, and it is also true that such hounding did greatly 
tend to reduce the number of the deer, in two ways. 
Let me give one or two practical illustrations: 
My experiences in the Adirondacks date from over 
twenty years ago. My first experience was with a 
hounding party. I had been standing on a runway, and 
my companion came up and said, "I have just murdered 
a deer in that lake." His description of the helpless- 
ness of the deer in the middle of the lake, pursued by 
himself and his guide in the boat, was so vivid,, and his 
use of the word "murder" seemed so appropriate, that 
I then made up my mind that I would never so kill a 
deer, unless it was absolutely necessary for food. 
During my second trip this matter was more fully 
illustrated. We had just pitched our camp on the lake, 
then called Albany, and though without hounds (our 
fine Lewis county guides did not believe in hounding 
either) had already killed one deer. The next day, 
looking out over the beautiful lake, we saw two men 
rowing, or paddling, after a swimming doe. They, of 
course, easily caught up with her. It was then in their 
power to shoot her with a gun, or a revolver, to cut 
her throat, or hit her over the head with an oar, but 
they did neither. They caught her by the tail and 
ducked her head under until she drowned. 
My friend thought his shooting of the helpless deer 
at close quarters in deep water was "murder," and all 
sportsmen will agree with him. What was this drown- 
ing? It demonstrates, at least, the helplessness of a 
deer in deep water pursued by a boat, and the entire 
absence of true sportsmanship in this character of 
hunting. ^ 
