464 
FOREST AND STREAM 
[June 4, 1904. 
neys; and in others, morbid manifestations in the 
digestive organs were met with. The malady prevailed as 
an epizooty, and animals of both sexes, various ages and 
breeds, when or whether bitten often unknown, were at 
different -times brought to the Institute. Frequently little 
could be learned with regard to the animals which were 
brought dead, and even their condition previous to death 
could rarely l3e ascertained. With regard to the value of 
some pathological alterations in forming a judgment as 
to the presence of the disease, the following epitome is 
given of the result of the necroscopical examinations 
made of these animals : 
a. Alterations in the brain, i. Haemorrhage into the 
subcutaneous tissue of the cranium of a- suspected dog. 
2, Haemorrhage into the durat mater of two rabid and 
one suspected animals. 3. Injection of the pia mater and 
plexus chorides in 28 rabid and 2 suspected. 4. Hype- 
rsemia of the brain in 2 rabid. 5. Softening of the brain 
in various degrees — from mere shining softness {glasend 
und weicher sein) to complete pulpy liquefaction — in 35 
rabid and 2 suspected animals. Of these the whole brain 
was generally involved in 3 rabid cases; the cerebellum 
in 3 rabid, and 2 suspected ; the upper surface and base of 
the brain in i rabid animal. 6. Distension of the lateral 
ventricles, through a collection of serum therein, in 10 
rabid animals, i of which had the right ventricle un- 
usually dilated, while the left was normal. 
b. Alterations in the circulatory apparatus and the 
blood. I. Pericarditis in i suspected dog. 2. Capillary 
haemorrhage into the pericardium in 2 rabid cases. 3. 
Haemorrhage beneath the endocardium in i rabid case. 
4. Alterations in the blood alone in 83 rabid, and 28 sus- 
pected animals. The blood was of a light-red color in 
13 rabid and i suspected; fluid in the heart in 2 rabid, 
slightly coagulated in 5 rabid, and with a dense whitish 
fibrinous clot in 6 rabid and i suspected dogs. The 
blood was dark red to black red (schwarsroth) in 70 
rabid and 27 suspected, (a) In the heart it was quite 
fluid in II rabid and 4 suspected. (&) Slightly coagulated 
in 21 rabid and 11 suspected, (c) With a soft fibrinous 
clot in 9 rabid; and (d) it had a dense gray clot in 29 
rabid and 7 suspected animals. Bacteria (Stabchen) in 
the blood were in some cases numerous, in others few; in 
none were they very abundant. Anaemia was present in 
4 rabid animals. 
c. Alterations in the spleen and mesenteric glands were 
noted in 68 rabid and 11 suspected animals, i. Lymphatic 
nodules in the spleen alone in i rabid creature. 2. En- 
largement of the spleen alone in 25 rabid and 3 suspected. 
3. Tumefaction of the mesenteric glands alone in 21 
rabid and 6 suspected. 4. Enlargement of the spleen and 
mesenteric glands in 21 rabid and 2 suspected dogs. 
d. Alterations in the respiratory apparatus in 86 rabid 
and 16 suspected animals, i. Marked pallor of the 
mucous membrane of the larynx and trachea in 2 rabid 
and I suspected animals. 2. Intense injection of the same 
in Si rabid and 8 suspected creatures. 3. General dark 
discoloration of the pharyngeal, laryngeal, and partially 
of the respiratory mucous membrane in 2 rabid and i 
suspected animals. 4. Capillary haemorrhage at the en- 
trance to the larynx in i rabid. 5. Capillary haemorrhage 
in the laryngeal mucous membrane in i rabid. 6. Capillary 
haemorrhage in the pleura pulmonalis in i suspected. 7. 
Bronchial catarrh in 3 rabid. 8. Pulmonary oedema in 11 
rabid and 4 suspected. 9. Pneumonia at the border of 
some lobules — seldom involving entire lobes; and 10. 
Haemorrhage into the thoracic cavity from gunshot 
wounds in 2 suspected cases. 
e. Alterations in the digestive organs, i. Injuries to 
the tongue in i rabid dog. 2. Foreign bodies in the 
mouth and throat of i rabid and one suspected. 3. 
Stomach empty in 19 rabid and i suspected. 4. Foreign 
matter in the stomach — hair, wood, straw, grass, leaves, 
soil, cherry-stones (and in one case a living horse-fly at- 
■ tached to the mucous membrane) — in 56 rabid and 21 
suspected. 5. Foreign matter besides hair in intestines in 
6 rabid and 3 suspected. 6. Blood in the stomach in 2 
rabid. 7. Injection of the serous membrane of the 
stomach only in 43 rabid and 2 suspected. 8. Injection 
of serous membrane of the stomach and intestines in 3 
rabid and 3 suspected. 9. Pallor of the gastric mucous 
membrane in i rabid. 10. General redness of the same in 
6 rabid. 11. Patchy redness of the same in 2 rabid. 12. 
Flaemorrhagic erosions and ulcers in the same in 40 rabid. 
13. Marked yellowness of the intestinal mucous mem - 
brane and contents of same in 4 rabid. 14. Genera! red- 
ness, with tumefaction of the intestinal mucous mem- 
brane and tape-worm, in 58 rabid and 17 suspected. 15. 
Patchy redness of the mucous membrane of the small 
intestines, particularly involving Peyer's patches, in 27 
rabid and 9 suspected. 16. Diverticular formations in i 
rabid animal. 
/. Alterati ons in the urinary and generative organs. 
1. Nephritis in one rabid and i suspected; 2. Cystitis and 
nephritis in i rabid; 3. Pregnancy, about three weeks, in 
a rabid bitch. 
g. Alterations in the locomotory apparatus probably 
due to injury to the head, were discovered in 3 rabid and 
13 suspected dogs. 
In the Bericht iiber das Veterinarwesen in Sachsen, for 
1874, Professor Siedamgrotzky has a paper on the 
pathological anatomy of rabies." He remarks that the 
peculiar expression of the rabid dog's physiognomy has 
long been recognized as an essential part of the diagnosis, 
and that this characteristic indication is largely due to 
the dull, heavy eyes, which are so commonly partially 
covered by the membrana nictitans in rabies. Besides, 
the malady has a tendency to be accompanied by catarrh 
of the conjunctivae, indicated by a collection of mucus 
in the mner canth'us of the eye. Beyond this, there some- 
times suddenly appear circumscribed opacities of the 
cornea, with breaking up of the texture in the center of 
these, and so leading to the formation of ulcers. This 
ulceration progresses so rapidly that in some cases the 
substance of the cornea is perforated within two days/ 
These corneal ulcerations are not, however, very com- 
mon; Siedamgrotzky had only observed them in six cases, 
in which two or three ulcers appeared in both eyes. They 
are not an accompaniment of only one form of rabies, but 
appear in both—dumb as well as furious. On a post- 
mortem examination, it is found that the ulcer has pene- 
l *• FtoeJ thp Vet-enaary Journal, October, 1876. , 
trated the cornea, in a conical manner, and that nothing 
but a thin layer of fibrin, or a blood coagulum in the 
anterior chamber, has prevented the escape of the entire 
contents of the organ. Examined microscopically, the 
corneal ulcer offers no essential difference from that wit- 
nessed in distemper: moderate cell-heaping in the vicinity 
of the ulcer, fatty degeneration of the corneal elements, 
and opening out of the interstitial substance; but nothing 
otherwise characteristic. 
Siedamgrotzky at first believed that the alteration was 
produced by mechanical causes, but from close observa- 
tion he is satisfied that it may appear in the quietest ani- 
mals whose eyes have not been exposed to external in- 
jury. It is therefore not unlikely that an interruption in 
the nutrition is the cause; though not a general alteration 
in the nutritive function, but perhaps rather due originally 
to an alteration in the trophic nerves of the eye. 
This explanation, of course, cannot be experimentally 
proved ; but that it has some foundation in fact may be 
deduced by reference to the extensive derangement in the 
other nerve regions, particularly in the branch of the fifth 
pair supplying the lower jaw. 
Alterations in the ophthalmic branch are likewise few 
when those of the maxillary are so — proving, apparently, 
that the lesion is central. 
According to Professor Benedikt (Wiener Med. Presse, 
No-. 74)/'' the disease is a special acute exudative inflam- 
mation of the brain, resulting in various forms of hyaloid 
degeneration, which is particularly observed in the neigh- 
borhood of the lenticular nucleus of the anterior lobe— 
often in this alone. Siedamgrotzky states that he has, in 
his examinations, been particularly careful to inquire into 
ihe correctness of this; and in some cases of "dumb mad- 
ness" there was certainly a marked inflammatory condi- 
tion of a portion of the brain about the fissure of 
Sylvius. 
In the "Giornale di Anatomia," etc., edited by the 
veterinary professors at the University of Pisa, Rivolta 
gives the description of a careful examination he made of 
the brains of seven dogs which had perished from furious 
rabies transmitted to them by inoculation. The result 
goes to show that the pathological alterations in that or- 
gan consist mainly in more or less marked hyperaemia 
of the pia mater in the cerebral fissures, but especially 
at the base of the brain, and this hyperaemia is never ab- 
sent from the cerebral plexus choroides; that softening 
of the cerebral substance is not frequent, though, on the 
contrary, the gray substance is constantly higher colored; 
and that perivascular infiltration of a fatty nature cannot 
be recognized as characteristic of this disease, as Rivolta 
has noticed it in other maladies. 
In the "Centralblatt fur die Medicin-Wissenschaften," 
Kolesemkoff reports the resuks of the examination of ten 
mad dogs made in Rudneff's pathological laboratory at 
St. Petersburg. The parts examined were the cerebral 
hemispheres, the corpora striata, thalami optici, cornua 
aramonis, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, medulla spinalis, 
and the sympathetic and spinal ganglia. The changes 
were always most marked in the ganglia, and were as fol- 
lows: I. The vessels were much distended and filled with 
red corpuscles. Here and there along their course were 
seen groups of red corpuscles, and round indifferent ele- 
ments (probably emigrated white corpuscles) scattered 
in the perivascular spaces. The walls of the vessels were 
spotted with hyaloid masses of various forms, sometimes 
extending and obstructing the lumen of the vessel-like 
thrombi. Not far from these were collections of white 
and red corpuscles. 2. There was found to be a collection 
of round, indifferent elements in general around the 
nerve cells, sometimes penetrating into the protoplasm of 
the cells to the number of five or eight; sometimes in such 
number as quite to displace the cell protoplasm. The 
number of migrated cells produced various changes in the 
form of the nerve elements. The nuclei of the cells were 
sometimes pushed forward towards the periphery by the 
intrusive elements. In other cases the nerve cells 
seemed entirely replaced by masses of round, indifferent 
corpuscles. These changes were seen even in isolated 
nerve cells. The author points out the analogy of these 
changes to those described by Popoff in enteric fever and 
injuries. 
_ With regard to the innocuousness of the milk derived 
from rabid animals, there is a conflict of opinion. Cases, 
however, are on record both of human beings and the 
offspring of animals becoming affected through partaking 
of milk secreted by hydrophobic and rabid subjects; but 
many of these cases, it must be confessed, are involved in 
doubt. 
Mr. Fleming, in his work on "Rabies and Hydro- 
phobia, observes: "The influence of the milk obtained 
from animals supposed to be infected with rabies has re- 
ceived much attention, and, as in the case of the flesh, 
the facts relating to its virulence are negative and posi- 
tive. Among the negative facts, however, those must be 
distinguished which have reference to the milk derived 
from animals only bitten by mad dogs, and those really 
affected with the disease. 
"Andray reports that peasants affected have used, for 
more than a month, the milk of a cow which was 
wounded by a mad dog, without experiencing any 
inconvenience.^^ 
"An infant fed on the milk of a goat until the day the 
animal became mad, remained in perfect health. And 
what is more striking, another child drank the warm milk 
drawn from a rabid cow, and no ill effects followed. The 
veterinarian, Gelle, has stated that he was commissioned 
by the Prefet of the Haute-Garonne to inquire into an 
occurrence reported from the commune of Gagnac, near 
Toulouse, in which several persons had drunk the milk 
of a rabid cow every day from the commencement until 
the fatal termination of the disease. Though some of 
them were plunged into the greatest terror, none were 
affected with the disease. 
"The experiments made' by Baumgarten and Valentin 
concord with the observations made by Gille; they are 
also confirmed by the researches instituted by Baudot 
who, a great number of times, noted that neither the milk 
nor butter obtained from rabid cows produced un- 
pleasant _ effects on whole families who had consumed 
these articles of food." 
"From the Veterinary Journal, October, 1876. 
""Reeherches sur la Rage," Paris, 1781. 
^2 "Meroeires 4e la Soc. Roj^}e 4e Mfdscinf," Vol. II., p. 
"At the Alfort Veterinary School, a ewe which had been 
wounded by a rabid dog was soon after delivered of twin 
lambs, which of course it suckled. Twenty-one days after 
the infliction of the bite the ewe became "rabid, and died, 
but the lambs did not manifest any signs of the disease. 
"The only positive statement I can meet with as to the 
milk of a mad dog producing rabies, are the following: 
Scranus of Ephesus, the most distinguished disciple of 
the Methodic SchooJ of Medicine, averred that infants 
at the breast are sometimes attacked with hydrophobia." 
Balthazar Timseus speaks of a peasant, with "his wife and 
children, as well as several other persons, becoming rabid 
through drinking the milk of an affected cow. Eleven^of 
these died; but the peasant and his eldest child were 
restored by medical treatment— a circiunstance which 
might tend to throw some doubt on the occurrence. 
Faber mentions instances in which the milk has proved 
injurious. An observation made by M. Dussort, and 
quoted, by Roucher, offers a very probable instance of 
transmission by the milk of a hydrophobic patient. This 
was the case of a negress in Algeria, whose child died 
presenting Syniptoms similar to those of the mother be- 
fore she perished. In the same country, however, M. 
Hugo relates the Case of a rabid bitch, whose puppies 
were suckled by her and remained in good health. But, 
again, an instance is given in Cassell*s Magazine for 
July, 1871, in which the puppies suckled by a mad bitch 
also became rabid.'"" 
Treatment— AittY what I have already said, it is almost 
needless to add that I believe treatment, according to 
past and so far as present experiments have gone, to be 
of no earthly use; and no man having any regard for his 
life, however valuable that of his dogs may be, would, 
X imagine, risk it in administering all the talked-of reme- 
dies that have from time to time cropped up. 
Prevention is at all times better than cure, and when 
rabies makes its appearance in a kennel, isolation of the 
apparently healthy or unbitten ones I strongly recom- 
mend, until a sufficient period has elapsed to prove they 
have escaped inoculation. With regard to ourselves, all 
dog bites, as a precautionary measure, should be treated 
as if they were inflicted by a rabid animal— i. e., by im- 
mediate suction, followed by the application of the actual 
cautery nitric acid, or pure carbolic acid. When rabies 
IS suspected, the suction should be directly followed by 
complete excision of the wound, performed as quickly as 
possible; after which, without loss of time, the cautery 
or acid should be freely used. Compression above the 
woiind, especially in the first instance, is also valuable. 
Failing the adoption of these measures or even accom- 
panying them, the Russian or Turkish bath should, if 
possible, be immediately had recourse to, and in the ab- 
sf"Ce of such measure, free and intense perspiration 
should be promoted by other means, such being the most 
efficacious treatment at present known. Whatever con- 
trary opinions may be expressed, the remedy, if con- 
sidered useless, is harmless, 1. e., the bath cannot produce 
hydrophobia or rabbit paralysis; whereas Pasteur's sys- 
tem of inoculation can, and, unfortunately, has done. 
I also advise a powerful stimulant before taking the 
bath,_ and subsequently full doses of chlorate of potash 
and iron. 
_ The same measures, excepting the baths and the suc- 
tion, which might be done with a cupping glass, will ap- 
ply to a dog bitten under Suspicious circumstances. 
_ An antiquated idea, which, unfortunately, still prevails 
is that the danger arising from the bite of a dog supposed 
tP, 9^ ™ad can only be averted by the death of the animal 
this IS an egregious mistake. A dog must be infected 
with rabies before it can produce "hydrophobia." Again 
It a dog, after bitmg a person, is at once destroyed be- 
iore being examined by a qualified canine veterinary 
surgeon, the mmd of the wounded individual may be in 
a state of continual disquietude, from the oft-recurring 
thought that the dbg may have been mad, and this pain- 
tul and haunting uncertainty acting upon a highlv nervous 
temperament is not unfrequentlv productive o'f a fatal 
issue from hysteria and nervous exhaustion, so often 
wrongly reported as "hydrophobia." My advice has al- 
ways been to let a dog which has been guilty of bitin<r ■ 
be fully secured until the maximum period of incubation 
has passed; then, if he is in perfect health, or free from 
rabid symptoms, the mind of the injured person wiH be 
relieved, and the animal, if still desired, can then be 
destroyed— not with the policeman's truncheon, but with 
chloroform In a few instances when I have appeared in 
court to plead this arrangement, and even volunteered 
to take personal charge of the dog, I have met with op- 
position, and unnecessary terror and anxiety to the bitten 
individual has been the consequence, but a sensible magis- 
trate will always see the wisdom and humanity of grant- 
ing such an application, and even advocating it to the 
nijured person. 
There is no such disorder as "epileptic rabies," which 
was alleged, during the recent London scare, to exist 
Such an allegation is not only misleading, but purely im- 
aginary on the part of the originator. Canine rabies is a 
specihc disease and has no concomitant malady. 
i',9f'-fA"i"fianus, Op. cit., lib. iii., cap. 2. 
A friend of mine once owned a favorite terrier, which harf 
recently littered five puppies, and as she was kept constently in 
his garden, she could, not possibly have been bitten for some ron 
siderab e time. But she suddenly displayed UMiTstakabir symS' 
toms of madness,, and ran up and down the garden, wkh the saHva 
flying from her jaws, and her head twitching from side to s de 
as the heads o aU mad dogs do. * * * But even in her frenzv' 
her maternal instmct was too strong and sW ran L^l \^^^' 
kennel, and began suckling her pu^ppies * / *" :^^e,e is he 
strangest part of the story, and to me it seems very paretic- aU 
fl/t.f P^P.^'" ^''^'^ t°o. and the foam hung In 
flakes about their mouths, and their poor little heads twitched 
the mllk^r*?'"^^' "^l^^y^^d sucked irmadnrss w th 
the niilk, for she had not bitten any of them. This was in mv 
experienee at least, a new feature in the history of hydrophobi^" 
Points and Flashes. 
Entries to the Manitoba Field Trials Club Derby are 
announced to close on July i. This stake is for setters 
and pointers whelped on or after January i, 1903. For- 
feit, $5; $10 to start. Purse, $400; ist, $175; 2d, $100; 
3d, $75 ; 4th, $50. Entries of the All- Age Stake close 
August I. Forfeit, $5 ; $1,000 for starters. Nominations 
tor the Champion Stake must be on or before August i 
The Hongrable Secretary is Mr. Eric Hamber, Winnipeg 
Manitoba. ,.....>■ ^ 
