496 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
[[Dec. io, 1004. 
variety, and goes down to salt water simply for the pur- 
pose of obtaining food which is not to be found in its 
native streams. 
"As a salmon angler, I have found the trout a perfect 
nuisance, for it comes to the fly as soon as it touches the 
water, and seizes it long before the large fish can rise 
to it. It also destroys more expensive flies in a week's 
fishing than the salmon will in the entire season. With 
a little practice an expert angler can shake off the per- 
tinacious intruder without stirring up the pool very much ; 
but no matter how skillful he may be in eluding or shak- 
ing off the trout, he will find that many a good day's sport 
with the salmon is marred by the "sea trout." As a rule, 
salmon anglers get but little sport out of the trout, for the 
reason that with their heavy tackle they quickly bring the 
fish to creel ; but with a six or eight-ounce rod, preferably 
the former — for I hold that the keenest enjoyment is to be 
had with the lightest tackle practicable — a good sized sea 
trout, fresh-run and bright, will give the angler splendid 
sport. Most salmon anglers are after the nobler game, 
but when that is not to be had, the trout furnish an en- 
joyable substitute. 
Fish and Fishing. 
Landlocked Salmon. 
In a lake near Sussex, about midway between 
Moncton and St. John, N. B., there are salmon that are 
truly landlocked, instead of being only nominally so, 
as are the ouananiche of Lake St. John. And these 
salmon, if their present condition continue, will event- 
ually become quite as distinct from the ordinary type 
of Salmo salar as are the so-called landlocks of Maine, 
concerning which, Colonel Andrew Haggard has been 
writing so charmingly in the London Field. By this 
I mean to emphasize my belief that, except in the 
matter of size, the landlocks of Maine resemble the 
best known type of Salmo salar less closely than do the 
ouananiche of Lake St. John. Both in manner and 
in appearance, and especially in the avidity with which 
they rise to surface lures, the Canadian ouananiche and 
its Newfoundland kinsman more closely approximate 
the salmon of the sea, which ascends fresh water to 
spawn, than the Maine fish does, though the latter more 
nearly approaches it in the matter of size. The land- 
lock of Maine inhabits a less turbulent home than the 
fresh water habitat of either the freshly run salmon 
from the sea or the ouananiche of the Grand Discharge, 
and, as a rule, seeks its food in greater depths of water. 
From a report by Mr. Isaac Sheasgreen, who has 
charge of the Miramichi fish hatchery for the Canad- 
ian government, I learn that about four years ago, 
25,000 salmon fry were planted in the New Brunswick 
lake already referred to. The water of the lake is clear 
and cool, and in some parts is very deep. In others 
there are shoals with about ten feet of water. No mud 
exists, the bottom being clean and stony. At the out- 
let, which is very small, an arrangement has been made 
to prevent the fish from escaping. The lake, which is 
about two miles long by one broad and is beautifully 
situated, is owned by a party of gentlemen resident in 
Sussex, who made application for the fry in question. 
Two years after the planting of the fry, fourteen young 
salmon were caught in the lake, but in the following 
year the water seemed to be fairly alive with them, all 
about the same size, some ten inches in length and 
beautifully formed. One rod caught fifty in a day. Of 
course if this kind of fishing is allowed to continue, the 
lake will soon be exhausted. The planted fish will no 
doubt increase and multiply, if properly protected, just 
as the salmon in the Stormontfield ponds have done, 
but their progeny will gradually grow more dissimilar 
in both appearance and habits, to the salmon of the 
salt water. 
The Restlgowche Salmon. 
Though both the hatchery men and the guardians 
on the Restigouche River find it difficult to account for 
the apparent scarcity of fish and the poorness of the 
fishing there during the last season, I find that they 
are not prepared to admit that there is any steady de- 
crease in the supply of the fish. They simply claim that 
the season was a phenomenal one, and certainly ap- 
pear to_ have reason on their side when they assert 
that it is impossible that there should have been any 
such wholesale killing of the fish since the season of 
T 903, as would appear to have been the case if the 
smaller nUmber of salmon killed was due to any marked 
reduction in the supply of the fish. In support of their 
theory they refer to some excellent scores made upon 
the river in the season of 1903. Thus in that year the 
Mitchell and Ayer Club, at Dawsonville, a few miles 
above Metapedia, landed 120 salmon; Camp Harmony 
Club over 100, while Messrs. Rogers, Brooks & Co., at 
Kedgewick, seventy miles above tide water, scored 
more than 200 salmon. Two rods on the Upsalquitch, 
during five days in July, landed thirty-eight salmon, and 
one rod in two days took fifteen salmon. All who 
traveled up and down the Restigouche and its tribu- 
taries during that season, declare that the salmon were 
never more plentiful than they found them on that 
occasion, and the guardians were unanimous in cor- 
roborating their reports. I now learn that a very large 
number of fish had ascended to their spawning beds 
on these rivers during the latter part of the present 
season, and that there is no present reason to fear for 
the future welfare of the salmon fisheries of the 
Restigouche. 
It is very gratifying to note that the intelligent criti- 
cism Of modern methods of fishculture, which have been 
printed from time to time in the columns of Forest 
and Stream are bearing fruit and have attracted the 
careful attention of some of those engaged in the in- 
dustry. The progress of biological research and the 
heavy outlay incurred in the operation of fish hatcheries- 
alike demand that the science must prove itself a pro- 
gressive one. I firmly believe, with many earnest stu- 
dents of the subject, that Mr. Alexander Mowat has 
struck a sound note in protesting against the waste of 
fish life involved in the too early planting of salmon 
fry. From his many years of practical experience he 
declares that the little fish should not be planted be- 
fore the yolk-sac has entirely disappeared. If they 
could be held over and fed for a few weeks, much 
greater results would be produced. With this end in 
view, Mr. Mowat recommends the construction of a 
large retaining pond, well up toward the head or 
source of the Restigouche River, so that large num- 
bers of alevins or fry can be retained and fed for a few 
months before being liberated. As the young salmon 
spends the first two years of its life in fresh water 
streams bordering on or emptying into the Atlantic 
Ocean, the fry, if retained a short time in ponds well 
up the rivers, would naturally have the advantage of 
feeding for eighteen or twenty months, throughout 
nearly the entire length of the river, while migrating 
to sea and before reaching the ocean. A step in this 
direction has already been made on a small scale. A 
pond has been built at the Restigouche hatchery for 
the purpose of holding over and feeding a certain num- 
ber of the fry as an experiment. In addition to the 
pond, which is forty feet square, and six feet deep, sev- 
eral large tanks were erected outside, in conjunction 
with the pond, and about 100,000 fry were placed in 
the ponds and tanks and fed five times daily, great 
care being taken to keep all dead and decaying matter 
constantly removed. The food consisted of raw fish 
ground to a pulp, raw and boiled liver and blood. The 
fish grew and thrived well, were greatly admired by 
visitors and were really a beautiful sight. After having 
been a little more than three months in the pond, and 
being from one and a half to two inches in length, 
they were liberated when nearly five months old and 
quite capable of caring for themselves. This initial 
work has proved such a pronounced success that it 
ought to be prosecuted upon a much larger scale. 
Under the conditions which have hitherto prevailed, 
there can be no doubt that millions of young fish have 
been artificially hatched at the public expense, only to 
become the helpless prey of predatory fish as soon as 
liberated from the hatchery. 
Fishculture in Canada. 
There has been an enormous increase during the 
last few years in the output of the Canadian govern- 
ment fish hatcheries. Twenty years ago it was only 
one-sixth of what it is to-day. Last year alone over 
314,000,000 fry were distributed from the government 
hatcheries, an excess of forty millions over the preced- 
ing year. Until a few years ago, the following were 
the only species artificially hatched by the government: 
Atlantic salmon, British Columbia salmon, lake or 
salmon trout, lake whitefish, and lobsters; whereas, at 
•the present time, instead of five or six kinds of fish 
planted under auspices of the Dominion government, 
ho less than thirteen kinds are now hatched and dis- 
tributed. 
Since the government undertook the culture of black 
bass, four years ago, the demands for the fry from all 
parts of the country have grown to such an extent 
that Professor Prince admits that there must be a very 
large expansion of the work. It is likely to assume 
immense proportions, as there are no end of waters in 
the country devoid of sporting fishes, and offering all 
the conditions for fruitful bass ponds. This is one of 
the problems now confronting the fisheries department 
of the government. Another one is the necessity of 
more hatcheries on the Pacific Coast, in order to pre- 
vent the threatened destruction of some of the more 
valuable species of western salmon. 
Smelt. 
Just at the present time smelt are being taken in the 
St. Lawrence River by millions. They are exceedingly 
plentiful this year, and hundreds of city urchins are to 
be daily Keen fishing for the toothsome delicacy from 
the wharves of the city, among the batture ice, con- 
tent to shiver with cold for hours at a time, for the sake 
of the sport of hauling up the little fish, two and three 
at a time. E. T. D. Chambers. 
A Word for Salt Water Fish. 
New York, Nov. 25. — It amuses me to hear the praises 
of the fresh-water fish of various kinds, but somehow 
there are two or three or more kinds of salt-water fish 
that are worthy of mention ; but leaving out tarpon, tuna, 
and striped bass, there seems none so poor as to do them 
reverence. Take the cero<, or so-called kingfish, caught 
in Southern waters. Fish for him with black bass tackle 
and see where you would land. He comes out of the 
water, and no small jump, either; and when a fish can 
do what he can, hooked and on the end of a line, take 
care of himself against a shark, it strikes me he is game 
with a big G; and when it comes to being good to eat, 
if codfish were as scarce as salmon, they would be worth 
a dollar a pound. 
This question of game in fish depends a good deal upon 
the tackle. Who would think of tackling a bluefish or 
bonito of eight pounds with a trout rod, line and reel? 
Why, the first rush would take the line, and a fly-hook 
would be crushed like a pipe stem ! Yet I have caught art 
8-pound brook trout on the fly in the Rangeleys on deli- 
cate trout tackle, and would not hesitate to try it again; 
but have not the slightest idea of tempting a blue or 
bonito with any such articles. With longer line and 
larger reel might land a small one with a trout rod, but it 
would be a case of time long drawn out. 
I expect to go to- Miami in March and have a shy at 
tarpon, barracuda, kingfish and amber jacks, and wish you 
were going along. Am mulling around fishing tackle and 
fishing tackle stores, and having a good time. There is 
a lot of fun in that, and some of the most pleasant hours 
I have are communing with rods, reels and lines, and 
congratulating them on the good they have done, and 
living over the various battles I have had with good fish. 
The whole business comes back to me, and all the sur- 
roundings are photographed in my memory, and it is fine. 
C. H. Mallory. 
High Speed Gasolene Launches. 
BY CLINTON H. CRANE, ASSOCIATE. 
Read at the twelfth general meeting of the Society of Naval. 
Architects and Marine Engineers, held in New York, Nov. 
17 and 18, 1904. 
The application of internal combustion engines to 
the propulsion of launches is by no means a novelty, 
but great public attention has of . late been _ attracted 
to the subject owing to the high speeds obtained by a 
certain - number of small launches driven by engines of 
this type. 
It might have been expected that the makers of 
marine gasolene engines would have developed a light 
engine from the heavy slow moving engine which has 
been en the market for years. However, the demand 
for a light weight motor has so far been met only by 
automobile makers, although marine engine builders 
are now beginning to take up the matter. 
The older makes of motors weighed from 80 to 
200 pounds per brake horsepower, and in sizes up to 
.'75 horsepower have proved extremely satisfactory in 
all sorts of working vessels. Engines of this type man- 
ufactured by the Pennsylvania Iron Works (Globe 
Motor), Standard Motor Construction Company, and 
other well-known makes have run satisfactorily day in 
■ and day out with practically no attention or trouble. • 
The manufacturers of automobiles have been the first 
to realfee the possibility of a light weight motor, and 
have been able to reduce the weight per horsepower 
to between 8 and 20 pounds per brake horsepower in 
the best practice of to-day. To have divided the weight 
per horsepower by 10 is certainly a remarkable achieve- 
ment. 
The reduction of weight has been accomplished in 
three ways: 
First — The elimination of unnecessary material. 
Second — The employment of higher grade material. 
Third — The use of higher piston speeds. 
The higher piston speed has necessitated modifica- 
tions of design in four particulars — mechanical balance, 
ignition, lubrication and cooling. All four of these 
difficulties have been met with entire success in the 
engines used by automobiles. 
The. slight change of conditions from an automobile 
to a boat has given rise to unforeseen troubles with 
ignition and lubrication. The ignition troubles have 
been principally due to water affecting the insulation 
of the electrical gear for igniting the gases; and this, 
by care in installation, can be readily corrected. 
The troubles with lubrication arise from the fact 
that in a boat the engine driving the screw is ordinarily 
set at an incline, the result being that the after cylinders 
and bearings receive too much oil, the forward too 
little. It may not be generally known that in a gas 
engine too much oil is as bad as too little. 
Several systems of forced lubrication have been 
designed to meet this trouble, with more , or less success, 
but the adjustment of the oil supply is of such delicacy 
that I think it safe to say that most people can trace 
their troubles in high speed motors to this alone. 
During the past year we have designed a dozen 
launches to be driven with light weight automobile 
engines of various makes, and the only troubles ex- 
perienced have been with one or the other of these 
difficulties. 
The . extremely light weight per horsepower of _ the 
modern gasolene engines has presented the possibility 
of attaining higher speeds on the water than heretofore. 
The past year, though not yet having realized this 
possibility in point of actual speed, has brought us to 
a point in relative speed never before attained to my 
knowledge. 
I present to the society as a type of this high speed 
automobile launch, the Vingt-et-un II., designed by ray 
firm. This boat on public performance has shown a 
speed of over 22 knots per hour. 
To attain, for her length,, a speed relative to this 
Turbinia would have had to make 35.5 knots an hour 
instead of 32.76, as is credited her by report. To attain 
for their length a speed relative to this, torpedo boats 
would have had to make 44 knots an hour instead of 30 
knots as actually obtained. 
From the fact that Vingt-et-un has attained such a 
high point on the speed curve, I feel that the record of 
a progressive trial run last September on this launch 
over a measured mile would be of interest to the society. 
