APPENDIX. 
549 
having been twenty-one days at sea- since our departure from Puna ; 
during which time the therinometer ranged at 68°, and the proportion on 
the sick-hst was thirty — a majority having derangement of the stomach. 
The Potomac remained twenty-seven days at Callao, the thermometer 
ranging at 69°, barometer at 29.65, with a much more clear and dry 
atmosphere than during our previous visit ; the-sick hst averaged thirty, 
including a number of cases of scrofula, which are very obstinate. 
21st of November, sailed from Lima, having at different periods of the 
cruise spent one hundred and twenty-seven days in this port ; which 
afforded abundant opportunities of observing the effects of climate upon 
foreigners, and witnessing the diseases that occur here. 
The Limaians are small in stature, and are short lived ; the frequent 
revolutions in Peru carry off most of their athletic male population, wliile 
the climate and dissipated lives they lead shorten the period of their exist- 
ence. The native Peruvians, who constitute four fifths of their popula- 
tion, are short, with very large chests, are fond of agricultural pursuits, 
were conquered, and are governed, by a handful of Spaniards. Their 
phrenological organization indicates little intellectual development, while 
their animal propensities are also diminutive ; their habits and character 
strongly corroborate these indications ; for when left to themselves, they 
diligently cultivate their fields, live amicably, and are hospitable and friendly ; 
while the sentiments and faculties located in the superior and posterior 
portions of the cranium are much enlarged. Hence, when visited by 
Pizarro, they called themselves the children of the sun, and were far ad- 
vanced 'in agriculture and the arts, while the sciences and warfare were 
scarcely known among them. 
Our sick-list in Callao was usually large— an average of thirty-two ; of 
which adenetes, or enlargement of the glands of the groin, constituted a 
large number. These indurations could seldom be resolved, notwithstand- 
ing the most active and varied treatment that could be enforced ; in the 
officers, whose constant rest could be maintained, pediluvium (the foot- 
bath), cataplasms, and frictions, would occasionally prove useful, but 
rarely with the crew. They usually suppurate, and produce indolent 
ulcers, and are to be met with in every ship-of-war that visits Peru. The 
best prophylactics are, carefully avoiding the heavy mists, wearing flannel 
next the skin, and attention to the shghtest injury or laceration of the 
skin on the lower extremities. Chronic hepatitis also frequently occurs, 
while the acute form of the disease is rarely met with. 
Arrived at Valparaiso in twenty-five days, having met with calms and 
adverse winds; the average sick during the passage was twenty-six. 
Off Juan Fernandez we met with fresh head winds, which continued 
several days, during which tire thermometer fell to 60°, and was followed 
by six cases of acute hepatitis, while many were labouring under colds 
and catarrhs. During the passage eight were admitted with bilious fever, 
who all convalesced immediately after our arrival in Chili, where the 
weather is dry and temperate at this season. 
We remained fifty-three days at Valparaiso, during which time the 
thermometer averaged 69°, with constant pleasant weather, the barometer 
standing at 29.70 ; ,the average on the sick-list was eighteen, which was 
made up of sUght accidents and indispositions resulting from indulgence 
