PODARGUS HUMERALIS, n g . and Horsf. 
Tawny-shouldered Podargus. 
Caprimulgus gracilis! Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. 58. 
Gracile Goatsucker ? Ib. Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. 263. — Steph. Cont. of Shaw's Zool., vol. x. p. 145. — Lath. 
Gen. Hist., vol. vii. p. 344. 
Podargus ? gracilis ? Steph. Cont. of Shaw's Zool., vol. xiii. p. 93. 
Podargus Australis? Ib., vol. xiii. p. 92. 
Podargus cinereus? Cuv. Regn. Anim., pi. 4. fig. 1 — Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., torn, xxvii. p. 151. pi. G. 37. 
fig. 3.— Vieill. Ency. Meth., p. 547. 
Cold-River Goatsucker, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. vii. p. 369. 
Podargus Humeralis, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 198. — Jard. and Selb. 111. Orn., vol. ii. pi. 88. — • 
Swains. Class, of Birds, vol. ii. p. 338. 
So great a similarity reigns throughout the Podargi inhabiting Australia, that it is most difficult to distin- 
guish them ; and after a minute examination of a great number of specimens it appears to me that there 
are five species, only two of which are inhabitants of New South Wales, and to these, in my opinion, the 
various names of the older authors are referrible. But as it must ever remain a matter of uncertainty as to 
which these names have been applied, I have preferred to retain for the present bird that proposed by 
Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield. 
The Tawny-shouldered Podargus may be distinguished by the greater breadth of its markings, by 
the decided admixture of tawny in its colouring, by the feathers of the head having a small round spot of 
white at the tip, and by the more boldly-marked tips of the coverts. It is plentifully dispersed over New 
South Wales, where it is not restricted to any peculiar character of country, but inhabits alike the thick 
brushes near the coast, the hilly districts, and the thinly-wooded plains of the interior. I found it breeding 
on the low swampy islands studding the mouth of the Hunter, and on the Apple-tree (Angophora) flats of 
Yarrundi, near the Liverpool Range. In their habits and mode of life the Podargi differ very con- 
siderably from the true Nightjars, and also in many particulars from yEgotheles. 
Like the rest of the genus, the Tawny-shouldered Podargus is strictly nocturnal, sleeping throughout the 
day on the dead branch of a tree, in an upright position across, and never parallel to, the branch, and 
which it so nearly resembles as scarcely to be distinguishable from it. I have occasionally seen it beneath 
the thick foliage of the Casuarince, and I have been informed that it sometimes shelters itself in the hollow 
trunks of the Eucalypti, but I could never detect one in such a situation ; I mostly found them in pairs, 
perched near each other on the branches of the gums, in situations not at all sheltered from the beams of 
the midday sun. So lethargic are its slumbers, that it is almost impossible to arouse it, and I have 
frequently shot one without disturbing its mate sitting close by ; it may also be knocked off with sticks or 
stones, and sometimes is even taken with the hand : when aroused, it flies lazily off with heavy flapping- 
wings to a neighbouring tree, and again resumes its slumbers until the approach of evening, when it 
becomes as animated and active as it had been previously dull and stupid. The food consists of insects 
of various kinds ; but in what way they are obtained is uncertain, though the contents of the stomach of one 
I dissected induce me to believe that it does not usually capture its prey while on the wing, or subsist upon 
nocturnal insects alone, but that it is in the habit of creeping among the branches in search of such as are 
in a state of repose ; and an examination of the tail will, I think, serve to strengthen this supposition, since 
it in some degree resembles the form and structure of that organ in many of the climbing birds. The 
power it possesses of shifting the position of the outer toe backwards, as circumstances may require, is a 
very singular feature, and may also tend to assist them in their progress among the branches. A bird I 
shot at Yarrundi, in the middle of the night, had the stomach filled with fresh-captured mantis and locusts 
(Phasmidoe and Cicada?), which never move at night, and the latter of which are generally resting against 
the upright boles of the trees. In other specimens I found the remains of small Coleoptera, intermingled 
with the fibres of the roots of what appeared to be a parasitic plant, such as would be found in decayed and 
hollow trees. The whole contour of the bird shows that it is not formed for extensive flight or for 
performing those rapid evolutions that are necessary for the capture of its prey in the air, the wing being 
short and concave in comparison with those of the true aerial Nightjars, and particularly with the Australian 
form to which I have given the name of Eurostopodus. 
Of its mode of nidification I can speak with confidence, having seen many pairs breeding during my 
rambles in the woods. It makes a slightly-constructed flat nest of sticks carelessly interwoven together, 
and placed at the fork of a horizontal branch of sufficient size to ensure its safety ; the tree most frequently 
chosen is an Eucalyptus, but I have occasionally seen the nest on an Apple-tree {Angophora) or a 
Swamp-Oak (Casuarina). In every instance one of the birds was sitting on the eggs and the other perched 
