SEISURA IN QUI ETA. 
Restless Flycatcher. 
Turdus inquietus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. xl. 
Restless Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. 181. — Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 263.— Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. v. 
p. 120. 
Turdus volitans, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. xli. 
Volatile Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn, Supp., vol. ii. p. 183. — Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 290. — Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. v. 
p. 122. 
Se'isura volitans, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 250.— Swains. Class, of Birds, vol. ii. p. 256. — 
G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of Birds, 2nd Edit., p. 43— Nat. Lib. On., vol. x., Flycatchers, pi. 12. p. 138. 
Jit-tee-gnut, Aborigines of Western Australia. 
The Grinder, of the Colonists of Swan River and New South Wales. 
This species ranges over the whole of the southern portions of the Australian continent, and appears to 
be as numerous at Swan River as it is in New South Wales, where it may be said to be universally 
distributed, for I observed it in every part I visited, both among the brushes as well as in the more open 
portions of the country, in all of which it is apparently a stationary species. It is a bird possessing many 
peculiar and very singular habits. It not only captures its prey after the usual manner of the other 
Flycatchers, but it frequently sallies forth into the open glades of the forest and the cleared lands, and 
procures it by poising itself in the air with a remarkably quick motion of the wings, precisely. after the 
manner of the English Kestrel {Tinnunculus Alaudarius~), every now and then making sudden perpendicular 
descents to the ground to capture any insect that may attract its notice. It is while performing these 
singular movements that it produces the remarkable sound, which has procured for it from the colonists 
of New South Wales the appellation of "The Grinder." The singular habits of this species appear 
to have attracted the notice of all who have paid any attention to the natural history of New South 
Wales : Mr. Caley observes, "It is very curious in its actions. In alighting on the stump of a tree 
it makes several semicircular motions, spreading out its tail at the time, and making a loud noise 
somewhat like that caused by a razor-grinder at work. I have seen it frequently alight on the ridge of 
my house, and perform the same evolutions :" and Latham says, " It is observed to hover about two feet 
from the ground, making sudden darts on something, which, by attention, was found to be a sort of 
worm, which this bird, by a chirping note, and tremulous motion of the wings, with the tail widely expanded, 
seemed to fascinate out of its hole in the ground." To this I may add the following account of the actions 
and manners of this species as observed by Mr. Gilbert in Western Australia : — 
" This bird is found in pairs in every variety of situation. Its general note is a loud harsh cry several 
times repeated ; it also utters a loud clear whistle ; but its most singular note is that from which it has 
obtained its colonial name, and which is only emitted while the bird is in a hovering position at a few feet 
above the ground ; this noise so exactly resembles a grinder at work, that a person unaware of its being 
produced by a bird might easily be misled. Its mode of flight is one of the most graceful and easy imagi- 
nable ; it rarely mounts high in flying from tree to tree, but moves horizontally with its tail but little spread, 
and with a very slight motion of the wings ; it is during this kind of flight that it utters the harsh note 
above-mentioned ; the grinding note being only emitted during the graceful hovering motion, the object of 
which appears to be to attract the notice of the insects beneath, for it invariably terminates in the bird 
descending to the ground, picking up something, flying into a tree close by, and uttering its shrill and 
distinct whistle." 
The food consists of insects of various kinds, and it is said to devour scorpions also. 
The months of September, October and November constitute the breeding-season. The nests observed 
by me in New South Wales were rather neatly made, very similar to those of Rhipidura Motacilldides, cup- 
shaped, and composed of fine grasses matted together on the outside with cobwebs, and lined with very 
fine fibrous roots and a few feathers ; they were placed on horizontal branches frequently overhanging 
water. The eggs, which are sometimes only two, but mostly three in number, are dull white, distinctly 
zoned round the centre with spots of chestnut and greyish brown, the latter colour appearing as if beneath 
the surface of the shell ; their medium length is nine lines and a half by seven lines in breadth. The nests 
found by Mr. Gilbert in Western Australia were remarkably neat and pretty, and were formed of 
cobwebs, dried soft grasses, narrow strips of gum-tree bark, the soft paper-like bark of the Melaleuca:, Sec, 
and were usually lined with feathers or a fine wiry grass, and in some instances horse-hair ; the situations 
chosen for its erection are the most difficult of access, being the upper side, the extreme end and the dead 
portion of a horizontal branch. The bird is very reluctant to leave the nest, and will almost suffer itself 
to be handled rather than desert its eggs. 
The sexes are very similar in plumage, but the female and young males have the lores or space 
between the bill and the eye not so deep a black as in the male. 
Head and all the upper surface shining bluish black ; wings dark brown ; tail brownish black ; lores deep 
velvetv black ; under surface silky white, with the exception of the sides of the chest, which are dull black ; 
irides dark brown ; basal half of the sides of the upper mandible and the basal two-thirds of the lower 
mandible greenish blue ; the remainder of the bill bluish black ; legs and feet dark bluish brown. 
The figures are of the natural size, the upper one exhibiting a rufous tint on the breast, which frequently 
occurs. 
