126 Arctic and Antarctic Exploration [part i 
latitude and magnetism (dip and variation) as in his 
voyage to Greenland, and he records a very interesting 
observation for ascertaining the sun's refraction 1 . What- 
ever 'may be thought of the accuracy of these original 
observations, the activity of Baffin's brain and his 
constant efforts on every opportunity to improve the 
art of navigation are most remarkable. 
Captain Joseph's fleet returned with full cargoes in 
September 2 . We have two narratives of the voyage of 
1613, one by Baffin himself and the other by Fotherby 3 . 
In 1614 there was a different story, for the Dutch 
were the strongest. They were in great force under 
Antoine Monier, their fleet consisting of 14 ships protected 
by three or four men-of-war. The English fleet was 
much weaker. Captain Joseph was again in command 
with nine ships and two pinnaces. He was on board 
the Thomasine with Baffin and Fotherby, and again the 
gallant Marmaduke was with them, in the Heartsease. 
Sailing from Tilbury on the 4th May, 1614, and running 
1 " We were against Fair Foreland in 79 0 N." [north end of Prince 
Charles Island]. The night was very clear with fair weather, also calm, 
by which I had a very good opportunity to find the sun's refraction. 
For beholding it about a north-north-east sun, by a common compass, 
at which time the sun was at the lowest, it was but one-fifth of his body 
above the horizon, having about four-fifth parts below, so near as I could 
guess. His declination for that instant was io° 35' N., being at noon 
in the 2 0 j' of Virgo, his daily motion was 58' whose half being twenty- 
nine, to be added to the former, because it was at twelve hours after 
noon. I say his place at the instant was 2 0 26' of Virgo, whose declina- 
tion was as before io° 35' ; the latitude of the place was 78 0 47' whose 
complement was ii° 13' the declination being subtracted from the com- 
plement of the pole's elevation, leaveth 38', four-five part of which 12', 
which being subtracted from 38 leaveth 26' for refraction. But I suppose 
the refraction is more or less according as the air is thick or clear, which 
I leave for better scholars to discuss ; but this I thought good to note 
for the better help of those who do profess this study." 
2 In December 161 5, Captain Joseph was appointed to command the 
fleet of the East India Company, consisting of the Charles and Unicorn 
(the Journal is in the India Office, No. 20). In 1617 he was slain in a fight 
with a Portuguese carrack. His widow received a pension. 
3 The family of Fotherby was from Grimsby. Martin Fotherby of 
Grimsby had two sons, Charles, Dean of Canterbury, who died in 1619, 
and Martin, Bishop of Salisbury. There is an elaborate tomb of the 
Dean in Canterbury Cathedral. Robert Fotherby was of the same 
family. His narratives of his three Spitsbergen voyages show that he 
had received a classical education, was observant, intelligent, and a 
thorough seaman. He afterwards entered the service of the East India 
Company, probably made one voyage to India, and was agent to the 
company at Deptford and in 1621 at Blackwall. He probably died in 
that employment. 
