ch. liii] Antarctic Oceanography 427 
Trinity Bay, using an apparatus which was a modification 
of that invented by Brooke. Thirty-four soundings were 
taken. They were singularly uniform, 1700 to 2400 
fathoms, and showed a light brown muddy sediment, 
and minute hard particles, animal organisms (Foramini- 
fera) with skeletons composed of carbonate of lime. In 
the autumn of 1858 Lieutenant Dayman, in H.M.S. 
Gorgon, took another line of soundings from the S.E. 
angle of Newfoundland to Fayal, and from Fayal to the 
Channel. In the following year, in H.M.S. Firebrand, he 
took another series across the Bay of Biscay and along 
the coast of Portugal to Malta. Later, Captain Shortland, 
in H.M.S. Hydra, took deep sea soundings from Malta 
to Bombay. 
Great energy continued to be shown, and in i860 
the Bulldog was commissioned by Sir Leopold M'Clintock, 
to take a line of soundings from the Faroes by Greenland 
to Labrador. The sounding machine was an adaptation 
of Ross's deep-sea clam with Brooke's principle of 
disengaging weights. The Bulldog brought up specimens 
from 600 to 2000 fathoms. 
Hitherto oceanographic operations had been chiefly 
directed to the practical purpose of preparing for the 
laying of cables on the bed of the ocean, but the obtaining 
of specimens at great depths caused science to step in. 
Dr Carpenter and Dr Wyville Thomson were anxious to 
go into the whole question of the physical and biological 
conditions of the sea bottom, and in the autumn of 1868 
the Admiralty lent the Lightning gunboat, in which the 
two savants worked for two stormy months between 
Scotland and the Faroes. They found that there was 
abundance of animal life at the bottom of the sea, and 
that the fauna was in many respects peculiar. The results 
were considered so interesting that the Admiralty placed 
the Porcupine gunboat at the disposal of Dr Carpenter, 
Dr Wyville Thomson, and Mr Gwyn Jeffreys for two suc- 
cessive seasons. They then succeeded in dredging to a 
depth of 2435 fathoms and found that even at that depth 
the invertebrates were fairly represented. An invention 
to protect the thermometer bulbs from being irregularly 
compressed under great pressure made the deep sea tem- 
perature determinations fairly trustworthy. Dr Wyville 
